1. CHAPTER 2-4 Energy and Living Things

2. METABOLISM: AN ORGANISM’S CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE ENERGY AND USE IT TO BUILD, BREAK APART, STORE AND RELEASE SUBSTANCES

3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Reactants products Reactants products reactions are reversible reactions are reversible example: H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O example: H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O 2H 2 O H 2 + O 2

4. CHEMICAL REACTIONS WON’T START ON THEIR OWN. reactions require “starting energy” to get them going reactions require “starting energy” to get them going “activation energy ”: It’s the push for a chemical reaction! “activation energy ”: It’s the push for a chemical reaction! If there is not enough activation energy…….nothing will happen (no reaction) If there is not enough activation energy…….nothing will happen (no reaction)

5. TYPES OF REACTIONS When reactions release energy = EXERGONIC, breaking bonds, reducing activation energy needed, speeding up reaction (Think of Exit) When reactions release energy = EXERGONIC, breaking bonds, reducing activation energy needed, speeding up reaction (Think of Exit) When reactions absorb (require) energy = ENDERGONIC (Opposite of Exergonic) When reactions absorb (require) energy = ENDERGONIC (Opposite of Exergonic)

6. Releases energy Absorbs energy

7. A reaction will never start if there is not enough activation energy available. A reaction will never start if there is not enough activation energy available. In cells, catalysts allow reactions to start with LESS activation energy. In cells, catalysts allow reactions to start with LESS activation energy. Catalysts SPEED up the reaction rate. Catalysts SPEED up the reaction rate. Ex: Digestion would never occur if catalysts did not start the digestive reactions. Ex: Digestion would never occur if catalysts did not start the digestive reactions.

8. BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS ARE CALLED ENZYMES

9. Demonstration - (DON’T WRITE THIS) Enzymes in living tissue --------- Biological catalysts H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) is toxic to cells. It is a by-product of cellular metabolism. The potato must destroy H 2 0 2 quickly and turn it into the harmless H 2 0 Liver cells contain the enzyme “catalase” which makes this faster H 2 0 2 ( l ) H 2 0 ( l ) + O 2

10. Enzymes lower the Activation Energy ( E A ) for biological reactions to take place. Bonds are being broken Reactant Product Reactant Product EAEA EAEA Without catalyst With catalyst E

11. Almost all enzymes are PROTEINS and have a very exact shape. They are NOT changed at all during a reaction, they do not react. They are only HELPERS. ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS Enzyme

12. The molecules that enzymes will act upon are called Ex: Substrate = starch Enzyme = amylase Glucose = Product SUBSTRATES. Found in saliva!

14. Because of the shape of the enzyme, only certain molecules will bind to the enzyme. Enzymes are VERY SPECIFIC.  Lactase will only break down lactose….  Amylase will only break down starch…..  Protease will only break down protein…. Etc…

15. Active Site = the place where the substrate BINDS to the enzyme. Lock and Key Theory = Says that only one enzyme will fit a certain substrate. Like a key fits only one lock…. enzyme substrate

16. At what number is a chemical bond broken by the enzyme? ___________ Label _____ is showing the active site. Label ___ is showing the substrate. Label _____ is showing the products Label _____ is showing the enzyme X W __ Z Y 2

17. FORM FITS FUNCTION = If the enzyme loses it shape, it will not function correctly enzyme substrate enzyme FORM FITS FUNCTION

18. FACTORS THAT SCREW UP AN ENZYME’S FUNCTION IN OUR BODIES Factors that Mess UP an enzyme’s function in our bodies:

19.  Temperature – enzymes function in a very narrow range of temperature In humans: they work best ~ 98.6 o F (37 o C)  pH (acid or base?)  – specific, narrow range (stomach enzymes ~ pH 2.5 - 3.5 – very acid) ( large intestine ~ pH 7 - neutral) ( large intestine ~ pH 7 - neutral)

20. All of these factors change the shape of the enzyme by disrupting the bonds that hold the enzyme’s shape together – making the enzyme useless to cells.