2. Westward Migration Americans began moving west Americans began moving west More economic opportunities More economic opportunities Wheat, corn, mining, railroads Wheat, corn, mining, railroads Farm mechanization made it easier Farm mechanization made it easier Steel plow, windmills, mechanical reaper Steel plow, windmills, mechanical reaper Comstock Lode Comstock Lode First silver ore found First silver ore found East was growing quickly, needed food East was growing quickly, needed food Others went west for religious reasons Others went west for religious reasons Mormon Trail Mormon Trail First led by Joseph Smith (New York) First led by Joseph Smith (New York) Led into Utah by Brigham Young Led into Utah by Brigham Young

3. Comstock Lode near Reno, NV Silver and precious minerals also discovered in Creede, CO

4. Oregon Trail

5. Mormon Trail

6. Homestead Act 1862 US gov’t encouraged westward migration US gov’t encouraged westward migration Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and had to farm for 5 years Offered 160 acres of land to settlers and had to farm for 5 years Not enough land due to drought Not enough land due to drought Cost $10 registration fee Cost $10 registration fee Encouraged white settlers to move west Encouraged white settlers to move west Most were old immigrants Most were old immigrants Women, ex-slaves were allowed to homestead Women, ex-slaves were allowed to homestead Encourage westward migration Encourage westward migration

7. Morrill Land Grant 1862 US federal gov’t gave western lands to states US federal gov’t gave western lands to states States sold land States sold land Money was used to build agriculture and technical colleges Money was used to build agriculture and technical colleges Examples: Virginia Tech and NC State Examples: Virginia Tech and NC State Encourage westward migration Encourage westward migration

8. Pacific Railways Act (1862) Law that granted government lands to corporations – mainly railroad companies Law that granted government lands to corporations – mainly railroad companies Gov’t wanted to promote construction of transcontinental railroad Gov’t wanted to promote construction of transcontinental railroad Encourage westward migration Encourage westward migration

9. Difficulties of Living in the West Harsh conditions Harsh conditions Drought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locusts Drought, prairie fires, tornadoes, locusts Remote, solitary life Remote, solitary life Worked 68 hours week Worked 68 hours week Very difficult for women Very difficult for women Same work as men Same work as men Gained suffrage here first Gained suffrage here first

10. Homesteaders Living in a Soddie

12. Impact of White Settlers Native Americans were displaced Native Americans were displaced Conflict began between Native tribes and white settlers and, eventually, US Army Conflict began between Native tribes and white settlers and, eventually, US Army More railroads were built More railroads were built New States were added to Union New States were added to Union Most gave women suffrage Most gave women suffrage Last state- Oklahoma Land Rush Last state- Oklahoma Land Rush Settlers rushed in to get the last free land in US Settlers rushed in to get the last free land in US Boomers & Sooners – white settlers who attempted to live in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out by US Army) Boomers & Sooners – white settlers who attempted to live in Oklahoma before it was open to settlement (forced out by US Army) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxaJY8UZxn4

13. Railroads First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 Union Pacific & Central Pacific Union Pacific & Central Pacific Promontory Point, Utah Promontory Point, Utah Built mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrants Built mainly by Irish and Chinese immigrants Further displaced Native Americans Further displaced Native Americans Could no longer follow the buffalo – white hunters devastated buffalo population Could no longer follow the buffalo – white hunters devastated buffalo population 30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period 30 million buffalo dead within a 10-year period Native American vs. White use of buffalo Native American vs. White use of buffalo

14. Transcontinental Railroad

16. The Indian Wars “[We] have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?” -quoted in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee “[We] have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?” -quoted in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

17. Plains Indians Sioux- lived on northern plains Sioux- lived on northern plains Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral lands in the 1830s All eventually forced to relocate from ancestral lands in the 1830s Where were the relocated? Under what act? Which president? Where were the relocated? Under what act? Which president? Different lifestyles Different lifestyles Followed buffalo herds Followed buffalo herds Some were sedentary Some were sedentary

18. Reservation System Indians were placed here by federal gov’t Offered annual payments in lieu of land Occasionally, federal gov’t failed to make payments or reduced the size of reservation Indians resisted, led to war Conditions on reservations

19. Native American lands- ca. 1819

20. Native American lands – ca. 1864

21. Native American lands – ca. 1894

22. Conflicts between Whites and Native Americans Conflicts result from fed. gov’t continued restriction of Native American lands and rights Sand Creek Massacre 1864 First major conflict General S.R. Curtis – “I want no peace till the Indians suffer more.” Sent Col. John Chivington to attack Natives at the Sand Creek reserve in Colorado – 200 warriors and 500 women and children Over 150 Natives killed – mostly women and children

23. Buffalo Soldiers African American Troop Regiment African American Troop Regiment Created during the Civil War Created during the Civil War Fights in the Indian Wars Fights in the Indian Wars African Americans now fighting for a country that recognizes them as people African Americans now fighting for a country that recognizes them as people

25. Battle of Little Big Horn - 1876 Native Americans joined forces Native Americans joined forces Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Fought against General Custer at Little Big Horn Fought against General Custer at Little Big Horn Native Americans massacred all American Troops Native Americans massacred all American Troops Only major Native American victory Only major Native American victory This battle was the exception rather than the rule This battle was the exception rather than the rule Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip

26. Little Big Horn

27. Sitting Bull Colonel George A. Custer

28. Chief Joseph Leader of Nez Perce (Oregon) Leader of Nez Perce (Oregon) Sent to OK after Little Big Horn Sent to OK after Little Big Horn Wanted to return to Oregon Wanted to return to Oregon Refused permission Refused permission Denied food and water Denied food and water Attempted to escape to Canada Attempted to escape to Canada Captured by US Army before making it Captured by US Army before making it

29. Chief Joseph cont. “It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.” “It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.”

30. Save the Indians Carlisle Indian School Assimilation Forced Native Americans to integrate (become part of) white society Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee clip Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in the west Raised awareness of the plight of the Native Americans Similar to which book before the Civil War?

31. Helen Hunt Jackson

32. Dawes Act 1887 1887 Result of Jackson’s book Result of Jackson’s book Would create Indian farmers Would create Indian farmers Gave each family 160 acres of land Gave each family 160 acres of land Dealt with individual Indians, not tribe Dealt with individual Indians, not tribe Sold remaining land and purchased farm equipment Sold remaining land and purchased farm equipment Become citizens in 25 years Become citizens in 25 years Most Indians lost property within one generation Most Indians lost property within one generation Received the poor land Received the poor land

33. Ghost Dance Led by Wovoka – a spiritual leader & shaman Led by Wovoka – a spiritual leader & shaman Believed that Native American ancestors would be resurrected Believed that Native American ancestors would be resurrected Ancestors would help Natives ‘obtain their rightful place and regain land lost to white man’ Ancestors would help Natives ‘obtain their rightful place and regain land lost to white man’ Scared American soldiers Scared American soldiers

34. Ghost Dance

35. Wounded Knee Massacre 1891 1891 Last conflict between Whites and Native Americans Last conflict between Whites and Native Americans Indians were fired upon at Wounded Knee by US soldiers Indians were fired upon at Wounded Knee by US soldiers Women, children and elderly were all killed Women, children and elderly were all killed Ends Native American resistance Ends Native American resistance

36. A mass grave used after the Battle of Wounded Knee

37. Summary- results for Natives Helen Hunt Jackson-A Century of Dishonor Helen Hunt Jackson-A Century of Dishonor Gained support for Native Americans Gained support for Native Americans Led to the Dawes Act Led to the Dawes Act Land for Native Americans Land for Native Americans Called for assimilation Called for assimilation Native Americans should act, dress etc. like White Americans Native Americans should act, dress etc. like White Americans

38. Cowboys New cities caused a need for beef New cities caused a need for beef Individuals out west began to raise cattle Individuals out west began to raise cattle First, started to drive cattle to major cities, then cattle would be loaded onto trains First, started to drive cattle to major cities, then cattle would be loaded onto trains Later, ranches would be built Later, ranches would be built Cowboys were hired Cowboys were hired Most owned their own horses Most owned their own horses Open range ended because of barbed wire Open range ended because of barbed wire Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s invention Cows could be fenced in thanks to Joseph Glidden’s invention

39. Cattle Trails, 1870s-1890s

40. Ranches and Cowboys

41. Farmers Faced many problems after they moved West Faced many problems after they moved West Drought Drought Insects Insects Difficult conditions – prairie fires, tornadoes, etc. Difficult conditions – prairie fires, tornadoes, etc. New technology helped some New technology helped some Steel Plow Steel Plow Mechanical Reaper Mechanical Reaper Windmill Windmill

42. Famers continued Blamed problems on railroads Blamed problems on railroads Had to transport goods on trains Had to transport goods on trains Railroads charged high rates Railroads charged high rates Even higher for short haul versus long haul Even higher for short haul versus long haul Penalized the farmer Penalized the farmer Farmers wanted government to regulate railroads Farmers wanted government to regulate railroads Lower freight charges Lower freight charges Government did not respond Government did not respond

43. Money Problems Farmers also faced problems with credit Farmers also faced problems with credit Stayed in debt Stayed in debt Borrowed money to plant crops every year Borrowed money to plant crops every year Could not always repay bank Could not always repay bank If not, bank foreclosed on property If not, bank foreclosed on property Farmers wanted more money printed and put into circulation Farmers wanted more money printed and put into circulation Money during and after the Civil War Money during and after the Civil War Spongebob clip Spongebob clip Demanded the silver standard Demanded the silver standard Print money based on silver standard Print money based on silver standard Would increase the cost of farm goods Would increase the cost of farm goods

44. The Grange Farmers organized The Grange Farmers organized The Grange Led by Oliver Kelley Led by Oliver Kelley Intended to address the social and educational needs of isolated farmers Intended to address the social and educational needs of isolated farmers Officially asked government to address farmers needs Officially asked government to address farmers needs Was not successful Was not successful

45. Populist Party – “The People’s Party” Organized in 1892 Organized in 1892 Based on populism – giving the people more of a voice in gov’t, helping farmers and other workers Based on populism – giving the people more of a voice in gov’t, helping farmers and other workers Met in Omaha, Nebraska Met in Omaha, Nebraska Omaha Platform Omaha Platform 8 Hour workday 8 Hour workday Silver Standard Silver Standard Direct Election of Senators Direct Election of Senators Won elections in state government, sent representatives to Congress Won elections in state government, sent representatives to Congress

46. Populists and Democrats Merge Populist party merged with Democrats in Election of 1896 Populist party merged with Democrats in Election of 1896 Democrats argued the same issues as Populists Democrats argued the same issues as Populists Nominated William Jennings Bryan for president Nominated William Jennings Bryan for president Campaigned across America Campaigned across America Gave “Cross of Gold” speech Gave “Cross of Gold” speech “you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold” “you cannot crucify man on a cross of gold” Advocated the silver standard Advocated the silver standard

48. William Jennings Bryan

49. Election of 1896 and 1900 Bryan ran against William McKinley (R) Bryan campaigned across US on train Whistle stop campaign Called for bimetallism – US money based on both gold and silver McKinley ran the “Front Porch” campaign Voters came to see him on his front porch In favor of the gold standard – US money based solely on gold McKinley wins both elections Marks the end of the Populist Party

50. Election of 1896

51. Election of 1900