2. Glycolysis and Fermentation What’s so sweet about Sugar?

3. Objectives Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is Describe what fermentation is and where the ‘energy’ is Design an experiment to ‘test’ fermentation Weigh the merits of fermentation vs. respiration Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx reaction

4. Thinking it Through CH 4 (methane) C 2 H 5 OH H 3 C-CH 2 -OH (ethanol) C 8 H 18 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 (octane) H 2 O CO 2 Similarities in components/structure? Differences in behavior? Differences in structure?

5. So where are ‘calories’? Energy (heat) needed to raise 1g water, 1 o C Saturated Fat Why are there more calories?

6. RedOx Reactions

7. OIL RIG OIL = Oxidation Is Loss RIG = Reduction Is Gain of electrons

9. O

10. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

11. NAD+

12. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+

16. H H H

17. Oxidized Form Reduced Form

18. Oxidized Form Reduced Form NAD+ NADH

21. “ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

23. Phosphate Groups

24. “ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy” Why not just separate? What does this mean in terms of ‘energy’?

25. How does breaking a bond ‘release’ energy? Same thing shown with a bit more detail… http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Atphydrl.gif

26. Metabolic Pathways

30. Glycolysis Glyco – glucose/sugar Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart

31. Glucose (6 Carbons) Glycolysis

32. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Glycolysis

33. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

34. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

35. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”

36. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis *Addition of 2 inorganic phosphates

37. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

38. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

39. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

40. Pyruvate 3 Carbons Net production of 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

41. How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?

42. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

43. How do you Keep Glycolysis Going? Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

44. Fermentation (Lactic Acid) Lactic Acid 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 NAD+ 2 NADH NADH is oxidized into NAD+ Pyruvate is reduced and forms Lactic Acid

45. Fermentation (Alcoholic) Ethanol 2 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 NAD+ 2 NADH NADH is oxidized into NAD+ Pyruvate is reduced and forms Ethanol CO 2

46. Fermentation Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes NADH into NAD+ Glycolysis – 2 ATP “NO” O 2 present Lactic Acid Alcoholic –Ethanol - CO2

47. Here’s the claim: Glycolysis – Glucose + 2ATP  Pyruvate + 4ATP Fermentation (no O 2 present) Pyruvate + NADH  ethanol + CO 2 + NAD + What can you test? Conditions needed? How? Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’

48. Optimizations We’ve proposed testing for components Are all tests best done under same conditions? Concept: limiting components. How do you max your yield (or sensitivity) for: –Glucose –CO 2 –ETOH

49. More? What will your solution look like? –“murky”? How do you speed it up? What conditions do we WANT?

50. Time to get to know each other better…

51. Okay, that’s Fermentation How does it ‘usually’ happen?

52. So? WHY do you breath O 2 ? Where does the CO 2 come from? Where does ‘body heat’ come from? What is the relationship between sugars, and fats?

53. What do ‘conclusive’ results tell you? Smoking, etc. –‘consistent’ with