1. Chapter Twelve Saturated Hydrocarbons

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 2 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d © Bill Ross/CORBIS  CO 12.1

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 3 ←Fig. 12.1 Sheer numbers is one reason why organic chemistry is a separate field of chemical study. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 4 Fig. 12.2 Terms for organic compounds. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 5 ←Fig. 12.3 Molecular structures of (a) methane, (b) ethane, and (c) propane, the three simplest alkanes. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 6 →CC 12.1 Decomposition of plant and animal matter in marshes is a good source of methane gas. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d Doug Martin/Photo Researchers

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 7 Fig. 12.4 Models of (a) pentane, (b) isopentane, and (c) neopentane. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 8 Fig. 12.5 The four most common branched-chain alkyl groups and their IUPAC names. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 9 Fig. 12.6 Simple cycloalkanes Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 10 Fig. 12.7 A rock formation such as this is necessary for the accumulation of petroleum and natural gas. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 11 ←Fig. 12.8 An oil rig pumping oil from an underground rock formation. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d © Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 12 →Fig. 12.9 The complex hydrocarbon mixture present in petroleum is separated into simpler mixtures by means of a fractionating column. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 13 ←Fig. 12.10 The insolubility of alkanes in water is used to advantage by many plants. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d © Daryl Solomon/Envision

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 14 →Fig. 12.11 For a series of alkanes or cycloalkanes, melting point increases as carbon chain length increases. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 15 ←Fig. 12.12 A physical-state summary for unbranched alkanes and unsubstituted cycloalkanes at room temperature and pressure. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 16 →CC 12.2 A semi-solid alkane mixture, such as Vaseline, is useful as a skin protector. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 17 ←Fig. 12.13 Propane fuel tank on a home barbecue unit. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d Phil Degginger/Color-Pic

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 18 →Fig. 12.14 In an alkane substitute reaction, an incoming atom or group of atoms replaces a hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 19 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d CAG 12.1

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 20  CC 12. 3 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 21 Fig. 12.15 Models of four ethyl halides. Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 | 22 Table 12.4 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d