2. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
II. The New World of Islam

3. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
Justinian ( )
A. Challenges
invaders from Eurasian steppes
Avars
6th - 9th centuries
Slavs
subjected
Czechs, Samo
revolt
c. 550, cross Danube
to Croatia, Serbia
626, Slavs and Avars attack Constantinople
repelled

4. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
A. Challenges
Bulgars
subject Balkans in 8th
Khan Krum ( )
defeats Byzantines, assassinates emperor
Khan Boris ( )
converts to Orthodoxy
Cyril (c ) and Methodius ( )
new alphabet
translate Christian liturgy
by 1018, Bulgaria again part of Eastern Empire
Rus
Kiev
Vladimir the Great ( )
Iaroslav the Wise ( )
unites Kiev and Novgorod

5. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
B. Western Provinces
Exarchate of Carthage
Spain lost to Visigoths, 630's
North Africa, conquered by Arabs, 698
Exarchate of Ravenna
falls, 751
C. Eastern Adversaries
Persia
Chosroes II
602, new attack
614, takes Antioch
Heraclius ( )
defeats Chosroes, 628
Islam
Leo II ( )
victory at Akroinon, 740
Digenes Akritas

6. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
D. Byzantine Civilization
Administration
Emperor
state monopolies
Themes - 4
increasingly autonomous
later subdivided
Church
clerical hierarchy
Patriarch
bishops
Iconoclasm
Leo III ( )
> split with Rome
787, end of Iconoclasm
E. Macedonian Renaissance
Macedonian dynasty ( )
Basil I ( )
names successor
Economy
Constantinople, .5 million Art
end of iconoclasm
Photius (810-c.893)
Patriarch
historian
Library
Constantine VII Porphyrogenetus ( )
On the Administration of the Empire
Basil II
1025, dies without heir

7. II. The New World of Islam
A. Arabs before Islam
Arabic
Commerce, herding
Petra
taken by 100 B.C.E.
Tribal organization
Religion
polytheism, monotheism

8. II. The New World of Islam
B. The Rise of Islam
Muhammad (c )
Quraysh
Mecca
Kaaba
marries Khadija
Revelation
Qur'an
622, to Medina
Hijra
conflict with Jews
630, takes Mecca
Teachings
Islam = submission
5 Pillars
Accept God and Muhammad as his prophet
Prayer
Friday communal prayer
Ramadan
Pilgrimage
Jihad = struggle

9. II. The New World of Islam
C. Succession
Abu Bakr ( )
father in law
Sunnism
Ali
husband of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad
Shi'ites
Wars of Apostasy
Umar ( )
second Rashidun
attacks Byzantine and Persian empires
takes Syria, 636
Ctesiphon, 637
Egypt and Persia
Civil War,
Umayyad Sunnis v. Ali
661, Ali assassinated
D. Umayyad Caliphate,
"House of Islam" v. "House of War"
Sweep west
632, Poitiers stopped by Charles Martel
661, treaty with Nubians
China
751, Battle of Talas
Government
Muawiya ( )
hereditary monarchy
Authority
no longer by consent
> civil war,
Administration
Arabic
New towns:
Fustat, Kairouan, Basra

10. II. The New World of Islam
(D. Umayyad Caliphate, )
Conversion
People of the Book
Economy
trade
land tax
dirham, dinar
End of the Umayyad
750, last caliph dies
Abbasids
from Shah Abbas Muhammad's uncle
Abd al-Rahman I ( ) to Spain
Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba
E. Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad,
new orientation
Height,
Arabian Nights
Harun al-Rashid ( )
al-Mamun ( )
Baghdad observatory
al-Kindi (d. after 870)

11. II. The New World of Islam
F. Europe
Sicily
immigration,
Spain
Córdoba, largest city in Europe
Abd al-Rahman III ( ) Madinat az-Zahra
Hasdai ibn Shaprut ( )
Samuel ibn Nagrela ( )
Navarre
Sancho I ( )
conquests
1035, divided
Alfonso VI ( )
Castile
1085, Toledo
> Almoravids
Alfonso defeated, 1086