1. The Industrial Revolution: 1750 to 1800

2. Mechanization During 1750-1800:
the European manufacturing process shifted from small, home production to large-scale, machine production.

3. Inventions Six Major Inventions Changed the Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny: James Hartgrove
Water Frame: Richard Arkwright
Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney
Steam Engine: Richard Trevithick
Transportation Increases
Better Roads
Canals (human-made waterways)
Railroads
Steam Engines: Developed by James Watt

4. A Watt steam engine, the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world

6. Starting the I. R.
1st: Started with Water Power to run the machines- machines worked due to the flow of the water wheels
2nd: James Watt developed steam engines- eventually had steam boats by to transport goods and people across the water much faster than before with larger amounts

7. COAL in Britain Factories needed fuel-engines need fuel: COAL
Coal mining expanded and production doubled during I.R.

8. At the Expense of Workers
The raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from:
Lands converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs
Urbanization: movement of people from rural to urban (city) areas

9. 1850: Population Living in Cities
Urban Growth
Those who could no longer make a living on the land migrated from the countryside to the cities to seek work in the factories.
1850: Population Living in Cities

10. Population Growth
At the same time, the population of Europe continued to grow.

11. The Plight of the Cities
Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate.
Slums grew and disease destroyed the population.
Crime increased and became a way of life for those who could make a living in no other way.

12. Conditions in the Countryside
The only successful farmers were those with large landholdings who could afford agricultural innovations.
Most peasants:
Didn’t have enough land to support themselves
Were forced to move to the cities to find work in the factories.

13. 18th-century cotton mill in Cheesden Valley

14. The Role of the Railroads
The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s:
Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and migrate easily to the cities.
Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished products.

15. The Condition of Labor
All working people, however, faced possible unemployment, with little or no provision for security.
In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline:
The closing of factory gates to late workers
Fines for tardiness
Long Hours- 12 hour days
Beatings for not doing their “best”

16. Family Structures Changed
With the decline of the family system and the rise of the factory, family life changed.
At first, the entire family, including the children, worked in the factory, just as they had at home.
Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic chores, the children went to school).

17. Gender-Determined Roles
That transformation prepared the way for gender-determined roles.
Women came to be associated with domestic duties, such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management.
The man came to be the “Bread winner”