1. Ch 16
The Dynamic Ocean

2. Surface Circulation Surface Currents
movements of water that flow horizontally near the surface
develop from friction between the ocean and the wind

3. Surface Circulation Coriolis effect Gyres
huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surfaces of the oceans.
Coriolis effect
deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of Earth’s rotation

4. Ocean Currents and Climate
Currents from low-latitude regions moving into higher latitudes transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas
Upwelling
rise of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water
brings greater concentrations of dissolved nutrients to the surface

5. Deep Ocean Circulation
Density currents
Vertical currents of ocean water that result from density differences among water masses
Increases in seawater density can be caused by a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity

6. Conveyor Belt Model
Ocean circulation is similar to a conveyor belt that travels from the Atlantic Ocean, through the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and back again.

7. Waves Most ocean waves obtain their energy and motion from the wind.
wave height - vertical distance between the trough and crest.
Wavelength - horizontal distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs.
wave period - time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position.
Fetch - distance that the wind has traveled across open water.

8. Tides Daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface
Result from the gravitational attraction exerted upon Earth by the moon

9. Tides
Tidal range - difference in height between successive high and low tides
Spring tides - have the greatest tidal range due to the alignment of the Earth–moon–sun system
Neap tides - have the lowest tidal range, occurring near the times of the first-quarter and third-quarter phases of the moon.

10. Forces Acting On The Shoreline
Waves along the shoreline are constantly eroding, transporting, and depositing sediment.
Wave Impact
Abrasion - the sawing and grinding action of rock fragments in the water
Wave Refraction - the bending of waves

11. Forces Acting On the Shoreline
Wave Refraction
Because of refraction, wave energy is concentrated against the sides and ends of headlands that project into the water, whereas wave action is weakened in bays.

12. Forces Acting On The Shoreline
Longshore Current - a near-shore current that flows parallel to the shore
Turbulence allows longshore currents to easily move fine suspended sand and to roll larger sand and gravel particles along the bottom.