1. Osmoregulation
The process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.

2. Water Balance
Osmoconformers-isoosmotic with their environment, most marine invertebrates
Osmoregulators-regulate internal osmolarity by releasing or taking in water, many marine animals, all freshwater animals, terrestrials animals, and humans

3. Nitrogenous Wastes
Most metabolic wastes must be excreted from the body.
Nitrogenous wastes come from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.
Excretion – the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body

4. Types of Nitrogenous Wastes
Ammonia- very water soluble and toxic. Generally only produced in aquatic animals where water loss is NOT a problem.
Urea – Produced in the liver of most vertebrates by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide. Requires energy but urea is less toxic.
Uric Acid – Requires more energy to produce than urea; it is insoluble in water and can be excreted as a paste or crystals. Produced by birds and reptiles and can be stored in the egg.

8. Excretory Systems Variations on a Tubular Theme
Protonephridia/Flame-bulb system – Flat worms (Platyhelminthes)
Metanephridia – Annelida (Earthworms)
Malpighian tubules – Insects and terrestrial arthropods
Kidneys – Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

9. Excretory Systems Functional similarities of all excretory systems
Filtration of body fluids
modification of that filtrate by: selective secretion of solutes and selective reabsorption of some of those solutes

10. Kidney

12. Excretory Systems Functional similarities of all excretory systems
Filtration of body fluids
modification of that filtrate by: selective secretion of solutes and selective reabsorption of some of those solutes

13. Functional Unit of the Excretory System of Mammals-Nephron
Kidney made of nephrons
nephron-single long tubule and associated capillaries
three processes occur: filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

16. Filtration
This is the pressure-filtering of body fluids, removing water and solutes. Cells, proteins, and large molecules remain in the body fluid.
Occurs in the glomerulus of the kidney.

17. Reabsorption
Reabsorption – reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate such as glucose, vitamins and hormones.
Occurs in the proximal and distal tubules as well as the loop of Henle. Water continues to be reabsorbed.
*** The flow of filtrate in the loop of Henle is an example of a countercurrent system.

18. Secretion
Adds other substances such as toxins and excess ions to the filtrate by active transport.
Occurs in the proximal tubule.

19. Excretion Occurs when the altered filtrate leaves the body.
Carried by the collecting tubules to the ureters, then to the bladder, then out the urethra.

20. Regulation of Kidney Function
ADH-antidiuretic hormone, enhances fluid retention by increasing the water permeability of the tubules, produced by hypothalamus, but released from the posterior pituitary
RAAS-renin-angioltensin-aldoserone system cooperates with ADH and is opposed by ANF

21. Videos and Websites
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