1. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Presidency
The Bureaucracy
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Presidency

2. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
MAX WEBER
German sociologist & political economist
Bureaucracy is a rational way
for modern society to conduct
its business.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

3. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
According to Weber
An effective bureaucracy has:
a well defined hierarchy
task specialization
consistent rules
operation by the merit principle
impartial treatment of all
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

4. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
The Pendleton Civil Service Act
Passed in 1883
Created a federal civil service
so that hiring & promotion would be based on merit
instead of “patronage”
- which is the awarding of government jobs based on
the “spoils system”
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

5. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
The Hatch Act
Passed in 1939
Prohibits government employees from active
participation in politics while on the job
While off duty, can participate, but cannot
run for office or solicit contributions
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

6. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
In the U.S. Government
The Executive branch is large & powerful
The most dramatic change has been the creation & growth of the bureaucracy
The bureaucracy has been given powers similar to those of Congress, the President & the Courts
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

7. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
In the U.S. Government
Is present in numerous policy-making capacities
Although sometimes controversial, plays a key role in attempts to fill various needs of the public
Hated for its presence and image of distance from the people
Loved for the creation of jobs and solving large, complex problems
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

8. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
15 CABINET level departments
State Treasury Defense Justice
Interior Agriculture Commerce Labor
Transportation Energy Education
Veterans Affairs Health & Human Services
Housing & Urban Development
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

9. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
“Each of us has some special responsibility for one slice of America . . .
I make a list of the real cabinet while I pretend to listen to B drone on.”
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

10. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Secretary of the Interior – Secretary of the West (mining and timber companies, cattle ranchers, environmentalists)
Secretary of the Treasury – Secretary of Wall Street (bond traders, investment bankers, institutional investors, money managers, the very rich)
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

11. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Secretary of HUD – Secretary of Big Cities (mayors, developers, downtown Realtors, minority entrepreneurs, the very poor)
Secretary of Agriculture – Secretary of Small Towns (farmers, small-town mayors, rural electrical cooperatives, highway contractors, local chambers of commerce)
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

12. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Secretary of Commerce – Secretary of Corporate America (Fortune 500 companies, global conglomerates, top exporters and importers, large trade associations)
Secretary of Labor – Secretary of Blue-Collar America
(industrial unions, service unions, building trades, unorganized low-wage workers, the shrinking middle-class, the working poor)
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

13. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Independent Regulatory Agencies (examples)
Federal Reserve Board
Federal Communications Commission
Securities & Exchange Commission
Federal Trade Commission
National Labor Relations Board
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

14. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Government Corporations (examples)
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

15. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Independent Executive Agencies (examples)
total of about 45-50
General Services Administration
National Science Foundation
NASA
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

16. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Implementation
Translating policy into action, through use of:
laws
executive orders
judicial decisions
regulatory rules
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

17. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Problems:
Bad design
Lack of clarity
Lack of resources
Rules & procedures may be inflexible & unfair
Too much administrator discretion
Fragmentation (too many groups involved)
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

18. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
President tries to control by:
appointing the right people to head agencies
issuing executive orders
altering agency budgets
reorganizing agencies
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

19. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Congress tries to control by:
influencing appointment of agency heads
altering budgets
holding hearings
rewriting legislation
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

20. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
MAJOR PROBLEM
Agencies controlled by
- powerful and interlocking groups
- that benefit from the existence of federal programs
- sometimes called “capture”
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

21. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
BUREAUCRACY
CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST GROUPS
COMMITTEES (Lobbyists)
Iron Triangles
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

22. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Examples of Iron Triangles
Department of Agriculture
- Administers farm programs
Agriculture Committees
Agri-Business
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

23. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Examples of Iron Triangles
Department of Energy
- Responsible for energy policy and research
Energy Committees
Oil Industry
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

24. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Examples of Iron Triangles
Department of Labor
- Runs programs regarding workers
Education & Labor Committees
Labor Unions & Business
- Influence depends on party in power
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

25. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy
The Bureaucracy
Examples of Iron Triangles
Department of Defense
- Consolidation of Departments of War & Navy
Armed Services Committees
Military Contractors
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy