1. The National Government and the 50 States
Chapter 4, Section 2

2. The National Government’s Obligations
Guarantee to every state in the Union a Republican form of government
Representative government
Protect each of the states from invasion
An invasion on any state would be seen as an attack on the United States
Protect states from internal disorder (unrest among a state’s residents) when the state cannot control the situation itself

3. The National Government’s Obligations - Continued
Respect and recognize the legal and physical boundaries of each state
No state can be deprived of its equal representation in the U.S. Senate without its own consent

4. Adding New States
Northwest Ordinance (1787) – provided for the statehood of any sector in the Northwest Territory with a population of at least 60,000
Local self-government
Civil and political rights
Support for education
Only Congress has the power to admit new states to the Union
A new state cannot be created by taking territory from one or more of the existing states without consent of the legislatures of the states involved

5. Adding New States
Enabling Act – directs the people of a territory requesting statehood to frame a state constitution
Act of Admission – If Congress approves statehood after reviewing a territory’s proposed constitution, they pass an Act of Admission creating the new state.
If the President signs the Act, the new state enters the Union

6. Conditions for Admission
Although Congress can set certain conditions for new states (i.e., outlawing polygamy in Utah), it cannot impost conditions of a political nature
President Taft denied statehood to Arizona because we allowed the recall of judges (we can remove judges from office). Arizona removed the recall item from their constitution, became a state in 1912, and almost immediately amended their constitution to allow for the recall of judges

7. Cooperative Federalism

8. Cooperative Federalism
Federalism produces a dual system of government
Two basic levels of government operate over the same people at the same time
Examples: taxes (both federal and state)
Federalism can lead to a complex relationship between the federal and state governments

9. Federal Grants-in-Aid
Intergovernmental cooperation via grants-in-aid programs (money from the federal government to the states, cities, counties)
Grants help local governments perform everyday functions (schools, colleges, roads, canals, flood control, etc.)
More than 500 grants-in-aid programs in operation today, totaling about $300 billion (25% of all state and local government spending) each year

10. Federal Grants Categorical Grants
Made for a specific, closely-defined purpose (i.e., school lunches, construction of airports, water treatment plants, etc.)
Usually made with strings (conditions) attached
Use the federal monies for the specific purpose involved
States must make its own monetary contribution (often matching but sometimes much less)
Provide an agency to administer the grant
Obey a set of guidelines

11. Federal Grants - Continued
Block Grants
Used for much broader things such as health care, social services, welfare, etc.
Fewer strings attached
State and local governments have greater freedom in deciding how and on what to spend the grant money on
Project Grants
States can apply for these grants for a variety of reasons/uses

12. Other Ways the Federal Government Helps the States…
FBI gives help to state and local police
The Army and Air Force equip and train each state’s National Guard units
Census Bureau counts the population and the data is used for state and local uses
How do states help?
Conduct national elections financed with state and local funds
Legal process for naturalization takes place in state courts