1. The Final Phase

2. Grant v. Lee  Grant moved by Lincoln from the West to take charge in the East, Sherman replaced Grant in West  Total War – Grant and Sherman believed in inflicting all damage possible to “war resources” (take war to the people)

3. Southern Morale Low  After Gettysburg & Vicksburg, morale low  Gov’t tried to convince farmers to grow food  Soldiers deserted, some joined union army  Fighting within government  Citizens held open meetings asking for peace

4. Bloody Battles  Wilderness – woods caught fire, many burned to death, Grant lost double Lee but stayed on the attack  Spotsylvania – 1 day series of clashes; total of 50,000 soldiers died  Cold Harbor – in 30 minutes, 7,000 Union casualties

5. Grant and Lee  Grant threw troops into several battles  May 4 – June 18, 1864, Grant lost 60,000 men, Lee lost 32,000  Many called Grant a butcher, but he kept going because he promised Lincoln “there will be no turning back”

6. Sherman’s March  Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union forces after his victory at Vicksburg  Appointed Sherman to lead western army  Sherman and Grant believed in “total war”  Burned Atlanta, created path of destruction through GA & SC (burned houses, killed livestock)  Reached NC – stopped destruction & began handing out food.

7. Sherman’s March

8. Election of 1864  McClellan – Democrat; Fremont – 3rd Party (he later withdrew)  Republicans (National Union Party) put Andrew Johnson (Dem from TN) as Lincoln’s VP  Union victories in the South buoyed North and absentee ballots from soldiers helped Lincoln win  (link to 270towin.com for electoral map)

9. 13 th Amendment  Congress passed January 31, 1865  Officially ended slavery in the United States

10. Surrender at Appomattox  Grant & Sheridan headed toward Richmond  Gov’t abandoned capital, set it on fire  April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse  Lincoln gave generous terms of surrender  Soldiers paroled & sent home with 3 days rations  Officers permitted to keep side arms  Within 2 months, all Confederate resistance ended