1. Linux RPC Comer Chapter 21 (RPCgen Concept) RFC 1057 – RPC Spec. UNIX Network Programming - Stevens 1

2. Sockets API Limitations Must explicitly account for differences in systems – Byte order (big-endian / little-endian) Limited to sending characters (without tricking the system) – requires source and destination to implicitly understand the data transformation. 2

3. Client / Server Between Systems One Solution: eXternal Data Representation (XDR) Developed by Sun Microsystems A standard for representing data over the network. Includes a set of library routines for converting data between local format and XDR format (either direction). 3

4. XDR Data Types int32 bits unsigned int32 bits bool32 bits enum arbitrary hyper64 bits unsigned hyper64 bits float32 bits double64 bits opaque arbitrary String arbitrary fixed array arbitrary counted array arbitrary structure arbitrary discriminated union arbitrary. void0 symbolic constant arbitrary optional data arbitrary 4

5. XDR Data Conversion Objective: – Gather all parameter data into a buffer in XDR format Procedure: – Create a buffer (xdrmem_create) 5

6. XDR Data Conversion Objective: – Gather all parameter data into a buffer in XDR format Procedure: – Create a buffer (xdrmem_create) 6 #include #define BUFSIZE 4000... XDR * xdrs; char buf[BUFSIZE]; xdrmen_create(xdrs, buf, BUFSIZE, XDR_ENCODE);

7. XDR Data Conversion Routines xdr_bool (xdrs, ptrBool); xdr_bytes (xdrs,str,strSize,maxsize); xdr_char (xdrs, ptrChar); xdr_double(xdrs, prtDouble); xdr_enum(xdrs, ptrInt); xdr_float(xdrs, ptrFloat); xdr_int (xdrs, ptrInt); xdr_long (xdrs, ptrLong); xdr_opaque (xdrs, ptrChar, count); xdr_pointer (xdrs, ptrObj, pbjSize, xdrObj); xdrs_short (xdrs, ptrShort); xdrs_u_char (xdrs, ptrUchar); xdrs_u_int (xdrs, ptrUint); xdrs_u_long (xdrs, ptrUlong); xdrs_u_short (xdrs, ptrUshort); xdr_union (xdrs, ptrDiscrim, ptrUnion, choiceFcn, default); xdr_vector (xdrs, ptrArray, size, elemSize, elemProc); xdr_void ( ); 7

8. XDR Data Conversion – Add data items in order to the buffer (after converting to XDR format) 8 int myInt;... myInt = 260; xdr_int(xdrs, &myInt);

9. RPC Programming Mechanisms ONC (Open Network Computing) XDR library routines for data conversion XDR library routines for complex data structures RPC run-time library routines Program generator tool 9

10. RPC Programming Process Dividing the program into local and remote procedures. 10 Proc A Client Stub Server Stub Proc B RPC

11. RPC Dispatching (Procedure Location) 11 Proc A1 Client Stub Server Stub Proc B1 Proc A2 Client Stub Proc B2 Server Stub Dispatcher RPC

12. RPC Interface Specification 12 Proc A Client comm Server Iface Proc B Server Comm Client Iface RPC

13. RPCgen Input and Output Input – Q.x Interface specification file Output – Q.hDeclarations header file – Q_xdr.cppXDR procedure calls used to marshal arguments – Q_clnt.cppClient-side communications stub – Q_svc.cppServer-side communications stub 13

14. RPC Process Flow 14 Q.x rpcgen Q_clnt.cpp Q.h Q_xdr.cpp Q_svc.cpp Client application Client interface Server interface Remote procedures Server Client compile

15. RPC General Build Procedure 15 Develop Interface Develop ClientDevelop Server

16. Developing the Interface 16 MyApp.x RPCgen MyApp_clnt.c Client Stub MyApp_svc.c Server Stub MyApp.h MyApp_xdr.c

17. Developing the Server 17 MyApp.x RPCgen MyApp_svc.c Server Stub MyApp.h MySrvr.cMyApp_xdr.c C Compiler Linker MySrvr.exe

18. Developing the Client 18 MyApp.x RPCgen MyApp_clnt.c Client Stub MyApp.h MyClnt.c C Compiler Linker MyClnt.exe MyApp_xdr.c

19. How the Server Prepares for a Connection (Be certain that Portmap is running) Create UDP service Register UDP service with Portmap Create TCP service Register TCP service with Portmap Run service... – Uses select( ) to monitor ports. 19

20. Start Portmap Portmap is included in all Linux distributions as a standard server. Under Red Hat / Fedora Open services applet, select portmap and start From command line (as root) /sbin/service portmap start Other distributions should be similar 20

21. Server concurrency mode RPC servers can be created in either single threaded or multi-threaded mode. Servers automatically create and (when done) destroy a thread for each incoming connection. 21

22. Register the Server Program svc_register(port#, SERV#, VER#, serv_func, proto#); port#: port on which the service is active SERV#: unique number for the service VER#: version for this particular service serv_func: name by which this function is called proto#: IPPROTO_UDP or IPPROTO_TCP 22

23. How the Client Establishes a Connection Make a Remote Procedure Call Find the Server Host Computer Find Server Process Port # (through Portmap) Create a (connection) to the Server Process 23

24. How the Client Establishes a Connection clnt_create(server, SERV#, VER#, proto#); remote procedure call... Clnt_destroy(CLIENT); 24

25. Example #1 Temperature Server (Fahrenheit to Centigrade) – Parameters passed as integers – TCP / IP port connection Source files: – temp.x – Tclient.c – tempServer.c 25

26. temp.x program TEMPSERV { version TEMPVERS { int TempConv(int) = 1; //procedure number } = 1; //version number } = 77; //program number 26

27. TClient.c #include,, #include #include "temp.h" #define YES 0 #define NO 1 void main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int tempconvert(int temp, char *srvr); int temperature, nuTemp; int loopFlag; char srvr[25]; CLIENT * cl; 27

28. TClient.c (cont) strcpy (srvr, argv[1]); cl = clnt_create(srvr, TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS, "tcp"); loopFlag = YES; while(loopFlag == YES) { printf("Enter temperature in Faherenheit (-999 to quit)"); scanf ("%d", &temperature); ans = tempconv_1(&temperature, cl); 28

29. TClient.c (cont) if (ans != NULL) nuTemp = * ans; if (temperature == -999 || temperature == -9999) { loopFlag = NO; printf ("Goodbye...\n"); continue; } printf("That’s %2d in centigrade\n", nuTemp); } clnt_destroy(cl); return 0; } 29

30. tempServer.c #include,, #include, "temp.h" static int count; static int nuTemp; int *tempconv_1_svc (int *val, struct svc_req * rqst) { int oldTemp; oldTemp = *val; 30

31. tempServer.c if (oldTemp == -9999) { printf("We're shutting down...\n"); exit (0); } printf("We got a temperature of %d, ", oldTemp); count++; nuTemp = (int)((5*(oldTemp -32)) / 9.0); printf("and we returned a value of %d\n", nuTemp); sleep(1); return (&nuTemp); } 31

32. Files created with rpcgen Input: – temp.x Output – temp.h – temp_xdr.c (NULL file) – temp_clnt.c – temp_svc.c 32

33. temp.h #include #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif #define TEMPSERV 77 #define TEMPVERS 1 #if defined(__STDC__) || defined(__cplusplus) #define TempConv 1 extern int * tempconv_1(int *, CLIENT *); extern int * tempconv_1_svc(int *, struct svc_req *); extern int tempserv_1_freeresult (SVCXPRT *, xdrproc_t, caddr_t); #ifdef __cplusplus} #endif #endif /* !_TEMP_H_RPCGEN */ 33

34. temp_xdr.c #include #include "temp.h" 34

35. temp_clnt.c #include /* for memset */ #include "temp.h“ /* Default timeout can be changed using clnt_control() */ static struct timeval TIMEOUT = { 25, 0 }; int *tempconv_1(int *argp, CLIENT *clnt){ static int clnt_res; memset((char *)&clnt_res, 0, sizeof(clnt_res )); 35

36. temp_clnt.c (cont) if (clnt_call (clnt, TempConv, (xdrproc_t) xdr_int, (caddr_t) argp,(xdrproc_t) xdr_int, (caddr_t) &clnt_res,TIMEOUT) != RPC_SUCCESS) { return (NULL); } return (&clnt_res);} 36

37. temp_svc.c #include "temp.h“ #include #ifndef SIG_PF #define SIG_PF void(*)(int) #endif 37

38. temp_svc.c (cont) static void tempserv_1(struct svc_req *rqstp, register SVCXPRT *transp){ union { int tempconv_1_arg; } argument; char *result; xdrproc_t _xdr_argument, _xdr_result; char *(*local)(char *, struct svc_req *); switch (rqstp->rq_proc) { case NULLPROC: (void) svc_sendreply (transp, (xdrproc_t) xdr_void, (char *)NULL); return; case TempConv: _xdr_argument = (xdrproc_t) xdr_int; _xdr_result = (xdrproc_t) xdr_int; local = (char *(*)(char *, struct svc_req *)) tempconv_1_svc; break; default: svcerr_noproc (transp); return;} 38

39. temp_svc.c (cont) memset ((char *)&argument, 0, sizeof (argument)); if (!svc_getargs (transp, (xdrproc_t) _xdr_argument, (caddr_t) &argument)) { svcerr_decode (transp); return; } result = (*local)((char *)&argument, rqstp); if (result != NULL && !svc_sendreply(transp, (xdrproc_t) _xdr_result, result)) { svcerr_systemerr (transp); } if (!svc_freeargs (transp, (xdrproc_t) _xdr_argument, (caddr_t) &argument)) { fprintf (stderr, "%s", "unable to free arguments"); exit (1); } return; } 39

40. temp_svc.c (cont) int main (int argc, char **argv){ register SVCXPRT *transp; pmap_unset (TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS); transp = svcudp_create(RPC_ANYSOCK); if (transp == NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "%s", "can’t create udp service.");exit(1); } if (!svc_register(transp, TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS, tempserv_1, IPPROTO_UDP)) { fprintf (stderr, "%s", "unable to register (TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS, udp)."); exit(1); } 40

41. temp_svc.c (cont) transp = svctcp_create(RPC_ANYSOCK, 0, 0); if (transp == NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "%s", "cannot create tcp service."); exit(1); } if (!svc_register(transp, TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS, tempserv_1, IPPROTO_TCP)) { fprintf (stderr, "%s", "unable to register (TEMPSERV, TEMPVERS, tcp)."); exit(1); } svc_run (); fprintf (stderr, "%s", "svc_run returned"); exit (1);/* NOTREACHED */} 41

42. Sample Client Output D:\data\RPC\onrpc_temp\client\Debug>client localhost Enter the temperature in Faherenheit (-999 to quit)32 That would be 0 in centigrade Enter the temperature in Faherenheit (-999 to quit)100 That would be 37 in centigrade Enter the temperature in Faherenheit (-999 to quit)212 That would be 100 in centigrade Enter the temperature in Faherenheit (-999 to quit)-9999 Goodbye... D:\data\RPC\onrpc_temp\client\Debug> 42

43. Sample Server Output D:\data\RPC\examples\onrpc_temp\server\Debug>server We got a temperature of 32, and we returned a value of 0 We got a temperature of 100, and we returned a value of 37 We got a temperature of 212, and we returned a value of 100 We're shutting down... D:\data\RPC\examples\onrpc_temp\server\Debug> 43

44. Summary Linux RPC Implementation models SUN ONCRPC functionality RPC specific programming limited to linking original applications code with rpcgen interface code. 44