1. Bell Ringer Identify as many ways that you have “developed” in your life. For each, rate on a scale of 1-3 how quickly you “developed” compared to others. 1 = noticeably later than others 2 = around the same time as others 3 = noticeably earlier than others

2. What are the different meanings of "development" in psychology? Mr. Szymanski Psychology

3. Patterns of Development A. development follows a predictable pattern Ex. All human infants – cephalocaudal (head to tail) development (1  1 st, 2  2 nd, etc.)

4. Patterns of Development B. Develop general responses then specific responses. Ex. Student reaching with whole body  learns to reach with only needed part Q: What evidence of cephalocaudal development do you see in this picture?

5. Patterns of Development C. It is a lifelong, continuous process. Ex. Grandma emailing.

6. Patterns of Development D. Each stage has unique features. Each stage is expressed differently in different societies.

7. Patterns of development E. Early development can be more important than later development. Ex. Reading fluency facilitates other schooling

8. What are Critical Periods? Critical periods- time periods in which learning occurs most easily. Ex. Language acquisition

9. Critical periods vs. Sensitive Periods Ex. Many developmental psychologists believe that the first few hours after birth are critical for adequate emotional attachment. Others argue that adopted children, often deprived of this time, develop normally. Sensitive = best if it happens but normal development will occur Critical = if not happening  not developing

10. How do psychologists study development? Observation Longitudinal – same individuals over time Cross-Sectional – people at various ages sampled at same time

11. Longitudinal Studies 1.Most accurate understanding of individual development 1.Time-consuming 2.Expensive 3.Attrition of participants 4.Outliers – individuals may not be typical

12. Cross-Sectional Studies + Reduces amount of time necessary _ -May not be typical of age -Difference s can be due to individual difference or developme nt

13. Types of Development A.Prenatal B.Physical C.Motor D.Language E.Emotional F.Social G.Intellectual H.Moral

14. Development by stages of life Prenatal Development – pre-birth Biological development Placenta-as-bridge – chemicals which adversely effect development prenatally.

15. Pre-Natal Critical Periods

16. Physical Development - Growth of the individual’s body Height and Weight Birth – 5 y.o. 2x – height 5x – weight  next 7 2x

17. What are the effects of physical development on personality? Early maturing males - feel more confident < strong  < sports & < able  < popular Early and late maturing females in Junior High -Higher self reported confidence. Why do you think this is?

18. Motor Development -control over development of voluntary muscles Motor development effects a.Self image b.Dependency Suggest a correlation and direction between motor development & a.b.

19. Motor development in a baby Cephalocaudal Visual range At birth ~ 9” At 3 weeks~ 4’ From trunk to extremities

20. Motor development Benchmarks AgeAction 2 MoRespond 4 MoGrasp Object 9 MoPick Up Object 9-15 (+1)Stand  Walk

21. Language Development Zhavi: 92% of communication is non-verbal Language & all communication benefits sender Production: choosing right sounds Stage1234 AgeBirth – 3 wks 3 wks – 5 mo. 5 mo. – 1 year 1 year + SoundLife soundsControl life sounds VowelLanguage

22. How do we learn language? -Reward  what words are most important? How do we reward word? -Imitation  Identification, Pronunciation and Grammar “That a ball” - Cultural: infants are sensitive to sounds that are only found in certain languages.

23. Which of the following is false of development? A. development follows a predictable pattern B. develop general responses then specific responses. C. It has an end and is not a continuous process. D. Each stage has unique features. E. Early development can be more important than later development.

24. Emotional Development The individual’s awareness of affective experience. Same Emotion  Different Behavior Angry Me = Wall punch Angry You = Cry

25. What emotions are present at what point in life? Birth - Not emotion but intensity of arousal (level of excitement) Day old infants join in crying (why?) Early infancy – distress: Muscle tension/crying then delight: muscle relaxation and smiling (why this order?)

26. Fear as Common Emotion Earliest Stage: No fear  Do not understand threat Children: Learn about world  fear of unknown or unlearned Tweens: Understand “nothing there in dark not in light”, develop new fears Adolescents: Social rejection fears Adult: Fear loss of security Old Age: Fear of impending death

27. Social Development Infants respond to human faces  we are social Pre-school Dependence  Need adults Resistance  terrible 2’s  mine!!!!! Cooperation  accept limits Age 8  same sex playmate preference

28. Adolescence Hero-worship: I need a Hero! Puppy-love: Wish they all could be California Girls! Romantic love: You are the Sun!

29. Intellectual Development Jean Piaget: Four Stages Sensory-Motor B-2y Preoperational 2-7y Concrete-operational 7-11y Formal operational

30. The story of Heinz A woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000.00, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said "no." The husband got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Answer: Should the husband have done that? Why do you think so?

31. Moral Development Kohlberg’s Six Stages -when cognitive dissonance occurs - inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma. Pre-conventional *Stage 1: Answer to avoid punishment *Stage 2: Act according to benefit, Quid pro Quo Conventional Stage 3: Please others to avoid disapproval Stage 4: Respect for authority; duty as citizen

32. Post-Conventional Stage 5: Welfare and rights for others Stage 6 Universal ethical principles orientation Give an example of a universal ethical priniciple.

33. Scenario 2 Heinz broke into the laboratory and stole the drug. The next day, the newspapers reported the break-in and theft. Brown, a police officer and a friend of Heinz remembered seeing Heinz last evening, behaving suspiciously near the laboratory. Later that night, he saw Heinz running away from the laboratory. Should Brown report what he saw? Why or why not?

34. Scenario 3 Officer Brown reported what he saw. Heinz was arrested and brought to court. If convicted, he faces up to two years' jail. Heinz was found guilty. Should the judge sentence Heinz to prison? Why or why not?

35. Kohlberg’s Charades Into which of the six stages of moral development did your response fall? In groups of three, create a script for a scene in which an individual is acting in an assigned stage of moral development to the story of Heinz. Groups will act these out at the end of class and hand in their scripts.