1. WELCOME TO A&P UNIT 8 By Vesna Gvozdenovic, RN

2.  1. GENERAL ( distributed throughout the body)  2. SPECIAL ( special receptors in localized areas)  Eye ( rods and cones)  Ear ( organ of Corti and cristae ampullares  Nose ( olfactory cells)  Taste buds ( gustatory cells)

3.  Free nerve endings ( skin and mucosa )  Encapsulated nerve endings Meissner’s corpuscles Ruffini’s corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Krause’s end-bulbs Golgi tendon receptors Muscle spindles Question: where are photoreceptors located?

5.  What is conjunctiva?  What eye structure is involved in a cataract? Please answer both questions

6.  Myopia ( nearsightedness )  Hyperopia ( farsightedness )  Presbyopia  Astigmatism  Question: do you know what are orthokeratology and vision therapy?

7. WHAT NUMBER DO YOU SEE?

9. 1.External ear - Auricle - External auditory canal (tympanic membrane) 2.Middle ear - Ear ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes) - Oval window - Auditory ( Eustachian tube) 3.Inner ear - Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

10. 1.CONDUCTION IMPAIRMENTS ( blockage of the external or middle ear ) Otitis Otosclerosis 2.NERVE IMPAIRMENT Chronic exposure to loud noise Presbycusis Meniere’s disease Question: what is another name for the eardrum?

12.  Chemoreceptors = taste buds  Located on special tongue areas (papillae)  Gustatory cells = specialized cells in taste buds  Question: If we eat something very spicy, why do we instinctively reach for ice cubes?

13.  Olfactory receptors = chemoreceptors  Located in the upper part of the nasal cavity  Very sensitive and easily fatigued