1. Nucleotides: the subunits of DNA

2. The four DNA bases G C A T

3. DNA strand: polymer of nucleotides

4. DNA Double Helix

5. Examples of proteins Protein Role alpha-keratin component of hair
beta-keratin
component of scales
insulin
regulates blood glucose level
actin & myosin
muscle contraction
DNA polymerase
synthesis of DNA
ATP synthase
makes ATP
hemoglobin
transport of oxygen
endonuclease
cuts DNA (restriction enzyme)

6. EcoRI – restriction enzyme

7. Hemoglobin: carrier of oxygen

8. Mutant -globin  Sickle blood cells
Fiber of sickle hemoglobin
Sickle and normal blood cells

9. Normal blood flow

10. Sickle cell complications

11. The alphabet of protein: 20 amino acids

12. Protein: polymer of amino acids

13. Nucleotides vs. Amino Acids
Both made up of “backbone” and “residue” parts

14. The inaccessible code DNA is in the nucleus
Proteins are (mostly) made in the cytoplasm

15. Decoding a codon: UGG
Only one way to code for tryptophan

16. Decoding codons: AGC & AGU
Both code for serine!

17. Stop codons
Don’t code for an amino acid
They terminate translation

18. RNA vs. DNA structure DNA RNA linear polymer double-stranded
single-stranded
deoxyribonucleotide
monomer
ribonucleotide
A,C,G,T bases
A,C,G,U bases

19. Transcription: DNARNA

20. DNA RNA Protein The Central Dogma replication transcription
translation
Protein