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Testing Similarity is Proximity in Realistic Reasoning Situations Bodo Winter & Teenie Matlock Cognitive and Information Sciences 23-28 June, 2013
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SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY
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SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008)
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duty pride
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SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008) duty pride
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SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008) duty pride
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How similar in meaning? similar not similar SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008)
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"same""different" SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Boot & Pecher (2012), cf. Breaux & Feist (2008)
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BUT… …the research is entirely within-subjects (for a discussion of problems with this, cf. Stanovich & West, 2008) …the research focuses on abstract tasks …the unidirectionality/asymmetry of this metaphor has not been extensively tested
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Condition 1: closeCondition 2: far 82 participants
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Space affects similarity ratings
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t(80)=2.34, p<0.03 Space affects similarity ratings
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Our experiments Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Stimuli: People
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Similar text “Ann and Jen attend the same class, but they have never talked to each other. Ann likes hip hop, and Jen does, too. They have similar political ideals. Ann is rather conservative, and so is Jen. Also, Ann is outgoing, and Jen is, too.”
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Dissimilar text “Ann and Jen attend the same class, but they have never talked to each other. Ann likes pop, but Jen loves jazz. They have different political ideals. Ann is rather conservative, but Jen is not. Also, Ann is outgoing but Jen is shy.”
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401 participants
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Similarity affects distance
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t(334.73)=6.96, p<0.0001 Similarity affects distance
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Our experiments Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Stimuli: PeopleStimuli: Cities
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Similar text “The city of Swaneplam has just finished its annual budget, and so has the city of Scaneplave. Swaneplam decided to invest more in education and public healthcare this year. It will also contribute generously to its public transportation system. Similarly, Scaneplave will increase funding for education and healthcare. Also like Swaneplam, Scaneplave will dramatically expand funds for transportation this year.”
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Dissimilar text “The city of Swaneplam has just finished its annual budget, and so has the city of Scaneplave. Swaneplam decided to invest more in education and public healthcare this year. It will also contribute generously to its public transportation system. In contrast, Scaneplave will decrease funding for education and healthcare. Also unlike Swaneplam, Scaneplave will dramatically slash funds for transportation this year.”
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Design Semantic Similarity Similar vs. Different Phonological Similarity Scaneplave / Swaneplam Scaneplave / Mouchdalt 368 participants
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Semantic Manipulation t(361)=2.44, p<0.02
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Phonological Manipulation t(361)=1.39, p=0.16 Scaneplave vs. Mouchdalt Scaneplave vs. Swaneplam
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Our experiments Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Space > Similarity Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Stimuli: PeopleStimuli: Cities
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Condition 1: closeCondition 2: far 40 participants
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t(78)=2.31, p<0.03 Space affects similarity ratings
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Our experiments Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Space > Similarity Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Stimuli: PeopleStimuli: Cities
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Conclusions #1 Convergent evidence for SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Between subjects Richer linguistic stimuli More concrete
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Conclusions #2 Unidirectionality/Asymmetry of SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY ? Space > Similarity Similarity > Space
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Conclusions #2 Physical Warmth > Social Warmth Social Warmth > Physical Warmth Distance > Social Warmth Social Warmth > Distance Space > Number Number > Space Williams & Bargh (2008a)Zhong & Leonardelli (2008) Williams & Bargh (2008b)Matthews & Matlock (2011) e.g., Dehaene et al. (1993)eg., Fischer et al. (2003)
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Conclusions #3 (1) People judge entities to be more similar to each other when they are placed closely in space (2) People judge entities to be closer to each other when they are thought to be more similar
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Conclusions #3 (1) People judge entities to be more similar to each other when they are placed closely in space (2) People judge entities to be closer to each other when they are thought to be more similar
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Conclusions #3 This reflects how a metaphor such as SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY plays a role in everyday reasoning Winter & Matlock (accepted)
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Teenie Matlock Christy Banks Collaborator THANK YOU Jesse Falke Research Assistants
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