1. Non-invasive profile monitors for energy-frontier machines Adam Jeff CERN & University of Liverpool

2. adam.jeff@cern.ch Motivation Beam profile measurements are crucial for understanding new machines Wire scanners, screens limited to pilot beams due to material damage and losses caused Non-intercepting monitors needed for online beam size measurement Techniques exist but will be pushed to the limit… Future challenges Future Circular Collider CLIC drive beam High-Lumi LHC Imaging techniques Synchrotron radiation Gas ionisation & fluorescence Vertexing Scanning techniques Laser-wire Electron-beam scanner Gas jet scanner 1

3. adam.jeff@cern.ch Motivation Beam profile measurements are crucial for understanding new machines Wire scanners, screens limited to pilot beams due to material damage and losses caused Non-intercepting monitors needed for online beam size measurement Techniques exist but will be pushed to the limit… Future challenges Future Circular Collider CLIC drive beam High-Lumi LHC Imaging techniques Synchrotron radiation Gas ionisation & fluorescence Vertexing Scanning techniques Laser-wire Electron-beam scanner Gas jet scanner 2

4. adam.jeff@cern.chFuture Circular Collider 3 Future Circular Collider Proton beams at up to 100 TeV and leptons at Top & Higgs energies Synchrotron with 100 km circumference, field strength 2xLHC dipoles Challenges: High stored energy, low loss tolerance, small beam size…

5. adam.jeff@cern.chCLIC Drive Beam 4 CLIC Drive Beam Two-beam acceleration scheme demonstrated at CTF3 2.4 GeV 1.5 TeV CLIC Two-beam acceleration scheme demonstrated at CTF3 High intensity in drive beam: 100 A peak current Requires non-intercepting profile measurement

6. adam.jeff@cern.chHL-LHC 5 High-Lumi LHC Halo particles become important Needs high-dynamic-range profile measurement Hollow electron lenses for halo cleaning – need dedicated diagnostics ~4mm

7. adam.jeff@cern.ch Motivation Beam profile measurements are crucial for understanding new machines Wire scanners, screens limited to pilot beams due to material damage and losses caused Non-intercepting monitors needed for online beam size measurement Techniques exist but will be pushed to the limit… Future challenges Future Circular Collider CLIC drive beam High-Lumi LHC Imaging techniques Synchrotron radiation Gas ionisation & fluorescence Vertexing Scanning techniques Laser-wire Electron-beam scanner Gas jet scanner 6

8. adam.jeff@cern.ch Synchrotron Radiation FCC would produce lots of visible synchrotron light at all energies, even with protons At top energy, plenty of x-rays too Synchrotron Radiation spectra for protons in FCC dipoles 7

9. adam.jeff@cern.ch Synchrotron Radiation Reduce diffraction by moving to shorter wavelengths Many techniques from synchrotron light sources available Pinhole CameraFresnel Zone Plate Compound Refractive Lens 8

10. adam.jeff@cern.ch Synchrotron Radiation Need to separate SR from particle beam Large bending radius means long distance (>100m) dipole beam SR fan SR monitor 9

11. adam.jeff@cern.ch Synchrotron Radiation FCC-hhDoFΔxΔx Injection3 m850 μm Top Energy0.2 m4 μm Can get round this by using a dedicated undulator LHC undulator would produce soft x-rays SR monitor 10

12. adam.jeff@cern.ch Gas Ionisation & Fluorescence Background due to ionisation / excitation by synchrotron radiation Space charge effects distort profile measurement Need strong magnet to constrain ions Fast measurement if additional gas injected Space charge not a problem if neutral excited line chosen ‘Simple’ installation Smaller cross-section Higher pressure or long integration Thanks to P. Forck, GSI Ionisation Profile MonitorBeam Fluorescence Monitor 11

13. adam.jeff@cern.ch Gas Curtain Injection of a curtain-like gas jet through the beam pipe allows beam cross-section to be imaged Pressure is locally much higher -> stronger, faster signal Jet can be collected on opposite side of beam pipe – relatively little leakage to vacuum system. Gas jet should be collimated, homogeneous and as thin as possible. Details in next talk! 12

14. adam.jeff@cern.ch Beam Gas Vertexing New technique based on inelastic scattering between beam and rest gas Several tracks are reconstructed for each event & vertex is located Vertices are collected over many turns to image beam Thanks to P. Hopchev, CERN Scintillating-fiber detectors Reduced aperture Thin end wall Gas volume 13

15. adam.jeff@cern.ch Motivation Beam profile measurements are crucial for understanding new machines Wire scanners, screens limited to pilot beams due to material damage and losses caused Non-intercepting monitors needed for online beam size measurement Techniques exist but will be pushed to the limit… Future challenges Future Circular Collider CLIC drive beam High-Lumi LHC Imaging techniques Synchrotron radiation Gas ionisation & fluorescence Vertexing Scanning techniques Laser-wire Electron-beam scanner Gas jet scanner 14

16. adam.jeff@cern.ch Laser-wire Scanner L. Nevay, RHUL Scan laser beam and detect high-energy photons from inverse Compton scattering Proven method for measurement of very small electron beams Proton cross-section is 6 orders of magnitude smaller Need to separate photons from beam and distinguish from SR Could detect decelerated electrons instead 15

17. W. Blokland, ORNL adam.jeff@cern.ch Electron-Beam Scanner The ‘probe’ beam of electrons is deflected by the E-field of the main beam. The deflection depends on where the probe beam passes through the main beam. Using a diagonal curtain of electrons allows the profile to be measured in a single shot. Has been demonstrated for (quasi-)DC beams – analysis more complicated with short bunches. 16 Accelerator beam Probe beam

18. adam.jeff@cern.ch Gas Jet Scanner ‘Atomic Sieve’ to focus neutral gas jet based on de Broglie wavelength Now being tested at Cockcroft Institute Generate a thin pencil jet and scan it through the beam Like a wire scanner but non-interceptive Readout by ion counting, fluorescence, bremsstrahlung, or beam losses Not affected by space charge as position given by gas jet Need a way to generate a thin jet… 17

19. adam.jeff@cern.chConclusions Profile measurements at future energy- frontier machines will be challenging due to high intensity & small beam size. Exotic animals like electron lenses need unique solutions. Existing non-invasive techniques will be useful but cannot answer all the challenges – Synchrotron radiation difficult with v. large radius – Beam-gas ionisation limited by space charge Novel techniques such as beam gas vertexing and the gas jet scanner are promising, and will be tested soon at CERN and the Cockcroft Institute respectively. Conclusions 18

20. Thank you for your Attention Synchrotron Light at the LHC Design and performance of the upgraded LHC synchrotron light monitor, A. Goldblatt, E. Bravin, F. Roncarolo, G. Trad, Proc. IBIC (2013) X-ray imaging Beam diagnostics with synchrotron radiation in light sources, S. Takano, Proc. IPAC (2010) Beam Gas Ionisation & Fluorescence Minimal invasive beam profile monitors for high intense hadron beams, P. Forck, Proc. IPAC (2010) The first experience with LHC Beam Gas Ionisation Monitor, M. Sapinski et al., Proc. IBIC (2012) Beam Gas Vertexing A Beam Gas Vertex Detector for Beam Size Measurement in the LHC, P. Hopchev et al., Proc. IPAC (2014) Laser-wire Laserwire at the Accelerator Test Facility 2 with submicrometer resolution, L. J. Nevay et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 17 (2014) E-beam scanner Electron scanner for SNS ring profile measurements, W. Blokland, S. Aleksandrov, S. Cousineau, D. Malyutin, S. Starostenko, Proc. DIPAC (2009) Gas Jet scanner A quantum gas jet for non-invasive beam profile measurement, A. Jeff, E.B. Holzer, T. Lefèvre, V. Tzoganis, C.P. Welsch, H. Zhang, Proc. IBIC (2014) Other La dieta del cucurucho, A. Benot Morel (2015)