2. Molecules of Life

3. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

4. Macromolecules aka: Biomolecules The Molecules of Life!

5. Macromolecules are… Large polymers (poly=many) Built by monomers (mono = one) 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules) –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

6. Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals –Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair –Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP

7. 2006-2007 How do we make these molecules? We build them!

8. Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules –building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules –polymers

9. Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

10. How to build large molecules Synthesis –building bigger molecules from smaller molecules –building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP

11. H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer Synthesis –joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out one monomer donates OH – other monomer donates H + together these form H 2 O –requires energy & enzymes enzyme Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction You gotta be open to “bonding!

12. How to take large molecules apart Digestion –taking big molecules apart –getting raw materials for synthesis & growth –making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

13. H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer Digestion –use H 2 O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH – –H + & OH – attach to ends –requires enzymes –releases energy Breaking up is hard to do! Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme

14. Example of digestion starchglucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose

15. Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

16. Carbohydrates Fuel and Building Material for Life!

17. Carbohydrates are… Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things Sugars (example) = quick energy Monosaccharides- simple sugars »Glucose Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides »Sucrose+Fructose Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) C 6 H 12 O 6

18. Carbos cont… Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle tissue for quick energy Cellulose- provides rigid structure »Cell wall of plant cells

19. CELL WALL

20. LIPIDS Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids –Saturated Solidifies- bad Ex: animal fat and butter –Unsaturated No solidification- good Ex: vegetable oils –Fats are used for energy storage Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells Monomer: C, H, O - Glycerol and fatty acids

21. Lipids cont… Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth –Whales, seals Fat provides cushioning for organs I’m Fat!

22. Fat Cells (adipose)

23. Lipids cont… Phospholipids –Make up cell membranes The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.

24. Phospholipid Bilayer

25. Proteins The Ultimate Polymer!

26. Proteins… Monomer: C,H,O,N –Amino acids 20 different amino acids Amino group: - NH2 Carboxyl group: -COOH

27. Protein Structure 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond –Hence the other name for a protein: polypeptide chain

28. Structure=Function Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)

29. Four levels of organizations

30. Types of Proteins *Structural Defensive –Support -Antibodies Storage *Enzymes –Embryo food -catalysts *Transport Hormones –In and out of cell -messages Receptors *Contractile –Drugs -muscles

31. Examples of proteins Protein channels in cell membrane Keratin: in fingernails and hair Muscle fibers Lactase

32. Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers

33. Nucleic Acids 2 types –DNA-double-stranded Genetic material –Inherited from parents –RNA-single-stranded Controls protein synthesis Nucleic acids work together to –Build proteins Monomer: Nucleotides C,H,O,N,P pentose sugar phospate nitrogen base