1. Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Section 3
Carbon Compounds

2. Organic Chemistry
The study of all compounds that contains bonds between carbon atoms

3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Each electron can form with an electron from another atom to form strong covalent bonds.
Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons.
Carbon can bond with almost any other element.
Carbon atoms can also bond with other carbon atoms.

4. Carbon chains
Because carbon can bond with other carbon atoms, it can form chains.
Chains can be any length.
Carbon – carbon bonds can be single, double or triple covalent bonds.
Chains can form into rings

5. Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
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6. Macromolecules Giant molecules are
Formed by polymerization – large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
Monomers are smaller units that join together to form polymers

7. Four groups of organic compounds (macromolecules)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

8. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Are the main source of energy for living things.
Provides quick energy – easily and quickly enter the bloodstream

9. Energy source
Simple carbohydrates – sugars such as glucose, fructose and galactose.
Breakdown and give immediate energy for cell activities.
Complex carbohydrates – starches.
Living things store extra sugar as starch

10. Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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11. Sugars Monosaccharides – single sugar molecules.
Examples: galactose, fructose
Polysaccharides – large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Examples: glycogen (animal starch).
Use: When glucose runs low, glycogen is released from the liver and provides energy

12. Sugars, continued Example: Plant starch – stores excess sugar
Example: Cellulose – structural polysacchride; gives plants strength and rigidity

13. Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Not water soluble
Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
Contains some oxygen atoms
Steroids – cholesterol, bile, cortisone, sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone)

14. Lipids
Saturated fats – contain the maximum amount of H atoms; Ex. Meat and dairy products
Unsaturated fats – contains one carbon-carbon double bond Ex. Nuts, vegetable oil, fish
Polyunsaturated – contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond. Ex. Cooking oils

15. Lipids Functions in living organisms include:
Energy source (slow breakdown)
Insulation
Cushion and protect organs
Component of membranes (phospholipids)
Chemical messengers – send information between cell organelles and other cells

16. Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous.
Composed of nucleotides
Nucleotides – consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

17. Nucleic acids Store and transmit genetic information Two kinds:
RNA – ribonucleic acid
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

18. Proteins
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Are polymers of molecules called amino acids (20 different amino acids)
(Translation – proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds)

19. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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20. Amino Acids
DNA contains the instructions for arranging amino acids into proteins.
Each protein has a different role:
Control rate of reactions within a cell
Regulate cell processes
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease

21. Section 2-3
Figure 2-17 A Protein
Amino
acids
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22. Assignment
Make a compare/contrast table entitled: Four Groups of Organic Compounds
Column Titles are:
Group Name
Chemical Composition
Examples
Functions in Living Things