1. Alterations in Endocrine System

3. Negative feedback system

4. Basic Concepts of Endocrine Glands and Hormones
The Power behind the Throne!
The “Master Gland” of the Body

5. Hypothalamus Pituitary Axis

6. The Pituitary Gland

7. Posterior Pituitary Gland

10. Contrast SIADH and DI High Low Swell Shrink Gain Loss Hypertonic
Fluid in vascular compartment
High
Low
Serum sodium
Brain cells
Swell
Shrink
Weight
Gain
Loss
Serum osmolality
Urine output
Specific Gravity
Treatment: Fluids
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

13. The Anterior Pituitary Gland

14. Growth Hormone

15. Growth Hormone Deficiency

16. Gigantism

17. Acromegaly

19. The Pituitary Gland

20. Thyroid Hormone

21. T4 and T3 Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine

22. Hypothyroidism

23. Goiter

24. Cretinism

26. Myxedema

28. Comparison

29. The Pituitary Gland

30. Adrenal Glands

31. 3 S’s

33. Cushing’s Syndrome

34. Cushing’s Disease
Before After

35. Addison’s vs Cushing’s

36. Parathyroid Glands

37. Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
“Crusher”
Osteoclasts
Resorption
Ca level ___
“Build”
Osteoblasts
Calcitonin
Ca level _____

38. PTH Negative Feedback Loop

41. Pancreas Insulin and Glucagon Regulation

50. Glucose Tolerance Test Curves

59. Long-term complications

64. Pharmacological Therapy
Restores cells ability to use glucose for energy and corrects hyperglycemia
Use: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, DKA, emergency treatment for severe hyperkalemia
Generic (Trade) Name
Timeframes
Notes
Rapid-Acting
Insulin Lispro (Humalog)
Onset: 5-15 mins
Peak: 1-1 ½ hrs
Duration: 3-4 hrs
Give SubQ 5-10 mins before meal; can give with NPH (draw shorter acting insulin’s first) and give immediately
Insulin Aspart (Novolog)
Onset: mins
Peak: 1-3 hrs
Duration: 3-5 hrs
Short-Acting
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)
Onset: mins
Peak: 1 hr
Insulin Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Onset: mins
Peak: 1-5 hrs
Duration: 6-10 hrs
Give SubQ mins before meal; can give with NPH (draw Reg first). Can be given IV. Can mix with sterile water and NS. Use for Sliding Scale Insulin administration
Intermediate-Acting
Insulin Isophane Susp (NPH, Humulin N)
Onset: 1-2 hrs
Peak: 6-14 hrs
Duration: hrs
Give SubQ, is cloudy in appearance. Can mix with Humalog, Novolog, and Regular, do not mix with Lantus.
Long-Acting
Insulin Detemir (Levemir)
Onset: 3-8 hrs
Peak: None
Duration: 24 hrs
Give SubQ once or twice daily. Do not mix with any other types of insulin
Insulin Glargine (Lantus)
Onset: 2-4 hrs
Give SubQ once daily at same timey. Do not mix with any other types of insulin