1. Nonrenewable Energy

2. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

3. Energy Sources Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

4. Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work: 1) 1)The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted. 2) 2)The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

5. Energy Units and Use Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF. cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used. 1 Btu = 252 cal = 0.252 kcal 1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = 1.055 kJ 1 cal = 4.184 J www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

6. Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power. 1 watt (W) = 3.412 Btu / hour 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger. quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 10 15 Btu Energy Units and Use www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

7. Evaluating Energy Resources U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy; 84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas); 7% from nuclear power; 9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

8. Changes in U.S. Energy Use www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

9. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

10. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S. The fossil fuels used in energy generation are: Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH 4 ) Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1 www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

11. Problems with Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2, which contributes to global warming www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

12. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

13. Oil Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities How Oil Drilling WorksHow Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

14. Sources of Oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

16. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; 65% for transportation; increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

18. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc10 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

19. Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming. Comparison of CO 2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

21. Oil Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals How Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

25. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

26. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

27. Sources of Natural Gas Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline). www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

28. billion cubic metres

29. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

30. Natural Gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

32. Natural Gas When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

34. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

35. Coal: Supply and Demand Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it. Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat Over many years, thick peat layers formed. Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures. www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

36. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

38. Ranks of Coal Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb. Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb. www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

39. PEATLIGNITE garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

40. BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

41. Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Anthracite Subbituminous Lignite www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

42. Advantages and Disadvantages Pros Most abundant fossil fuel Major U.S. reserves 300 yrs. at current consumption rates High net energy yield Cons Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide Major environmental degradation Major threat to health © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

43. Coal Coal gasification  Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Coal liquefaction  Liquid fuels Disadvantage Costly High environmental impact

44. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

62. Sulfur in Coal When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 - serious pollutant) Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO 2 when coal is burned Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS 2 or CaSO 4 ) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon) www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

63. Acid Mine Drainage The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

64. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls. http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

65. Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

66. Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulation of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

67. Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

68. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

69. Nuclear Energy In a conventional nuclear power plant a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction heats water produce high-pressure steam that turns turbines generates electricity.

70. Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium release energy (heat) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

71. Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

72. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

73. Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy Radioactivity www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

74. Types Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and therefore are positively charged Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons) Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays) Sources of natural radiation Soil Rocks Air Water Cosmic rays Radioactivity www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

75. Relative Doses from Radiation Sources cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

76. The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope Half-timeemitted Uranium 235710 million yrsalpha, gamma Plutonium 23924.000 yrsalpha, gamma During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years Half-Life www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

77. Diagram of Radioactive Decay cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

78. Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers Effects of Radiation www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

79. www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

80. 1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation) Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals & universities 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean Today deposit into landfills 2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation) Fuel rods from nuclear power plants Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years No agreement about a safe method of storage Radioactive Waste www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

81. Radioactive Waste 1. Bury it deep underground. Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater… 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun. Problems: costs, accident would affect large area. 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet. Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming 4. Most likely plan for the US Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada Cost of over $ 50 billion 160 miles from Las Vegas Transportation across the country via train & truck www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

82. Yucca Mountain www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

83. Plutonium Breeding 238 U is the most plentiful isotope of Uranium Non-fissionable - useless as fuel Reactors can be designed to convert 238 U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239 Pu www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

84. Conversion of 238 U to 239 Pu breed Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel, from otherwise non- fissionable isotopes, than they consume www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

85. Reprocess Nuclear Fuel During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

86. Plutonium in Spent Fuel Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed plutonium atoms Miss out on the opportunity to split Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uranium Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

87. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

88. Nuclear Energy Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

89. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S. cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

90. Three Mile Island March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown 50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion Released radiation increased cancer rates. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

92. Chernobyl April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphereatmosphere Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths; About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity Cost of incident > $358 billion www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

95. Nuclear Energy Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40 years New reactor designs are still proposed Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors have proven too costly to build and operate Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessful

96. Use of Nuclear Energy U.S. phasing out Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030 North Korea is getting new plants from the US France 78% energy nuclear www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

97. Phasing Out Nuclear Power Multi-billion-$$ construction costs High operation costs Frequent malfunctions False assurances and cover–ups Overproduction of energy in some areas Poor management Lack of public acceptance www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

98. 2) Energy Energy & Mineral resources garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt