1. A Presentation of the SPI-OSHA Alliance
Lockout/Tagout for
Extrusion
Control of Hazardous Energy
The Society of the Plastics Industry. Inc. (SPI) and OSHA formed an Alliance in the fall of 2002 in order to help employers in the plastics industry provide safer working environments in their plants. This is a national Alliance, signed with Federal OSHA.
As you may know, there are 22 State Plan States that run their own occupational safety and health programs for general industry employers. The rest of the states are covered by Federal OSHA. Although most of the State Plan States have adopted the Federal OSHA Standards, there may be some differences (e.g., California, Michigan) and this course is based on Federal OSHA standards.
This course on Machine Guarding and Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) was created by a dedicated team, consisting of experts from OSHA and industry. This is a train-the-trainer course—that is, these training modules not only consolidate all the critical information you need on machine guarding and LOTO, but also prepare you to train employees at your worksite.
The Alliance would like to hear back from you—not only about how well these tools work for you and how many people you train, but also about ideas you may have for other areas that we can work together on to make a safer workplace in our industry.
Please send your comments to Susan Howe, SPI, 1667 K Street, N.W. Suite 1000, Washington, D.C or via at Thank you.
Second Edition – June 2006
A Presentation of the SPI-OSHA Alliance
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.

2. 1910.147 The Control of Hazardous Energy a.k.a. Lockout/Tagout (LOTO)
The specific practices and procedures necessary to disable machinery and equipment so that employees performing service and maintenance activities are protected
Plastics processors are the most frequently cited industry under OSHA's Lockout/Tagout Standard.
There is some confusion when referring to the requirements we are going to discuss as LOTO, because this implies that locks and keys are the only control methods for hazardous energy. But what about other energy such as gravity, chemicals, thermal? We should remember that this is the standard for controlling hazardous energy, other than electrical shock, which is covered by OSHA's Electrical Safety Standard, 29 CFR , Selection and use of work practices.
Find more about workplace statistics and inspection data on OSHA’s Web site at:
Find out more about the standard at

3. The Purpose of LOTO
Prevent the unexpected start-up or release of stored energy
Reduce the number of fatalities and injuries
Establish a program and procedures for controlling hazardous energy
The purpose of this standard is to prevent an injury from unexpected start-up or release of stored energy.
The standard does not kick in unless the worker is performing service and maintenance in a certain area of a machine where he/she could be injured from unexpected start-up or release of stored energy.
For example, if a worker is making adjustments or cleaning parts of a machine away from pinch points, mold areas, hot surfaces, etc., Lockout would not apply.

4. Where to Begin? Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Develop Procedures Verify
Train
Audit
Today, many companies use the Job Safety Analysis/Job Hazard Analysis Process as an effective means of helping reduce incidents, accidents, and injuries in the workplace. It is an excellent tool to use during new employee orientations and training and can also be used to investigate "near misses" and accidents.
Job safety analysis (JSA) is part of many existing accident prevention programs. In general, JSA breaks a job into basic steps, and identifies the hazards associated with each step. The JSA also prescribes controls for each hazard. A JSA is a chart listing these steps, hazards, and controls. There are many commercial vendors of Job Safety Analysis software.
You also may want to consider performing a risk assessment such as ANSI B11.TR Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction - A Guide to Estimate, Evaluate and Reduce Risks Associated with Machine Tools.

5. Preventing Unexpected Start-up or Release of Stored Energy
Energy isolation:
Minimize potential for inadvertent activation and/or release of stored energy
Ensure that power to the machine is isolated and locked at control points
Use a method that cannot readily be removed, bypassed, overridden or otherwise defeated
The entire OSHA Lockout/Tagout Standard is based on the practices and procedures that are necessary to disable and isolate machines or equipment from the unexpected release of hazardous energy.
The employer’s primary tool for providing protection under the standard is the isolating device, which is the physical device that prevents the transmission or release of stored energy.

6. Common Types of Energy Used in Extrusion
Electrical
Mechanical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Thermal
Gravity
You should consider all of the listed types of energy when performing your hazard analysis.
Hydraulic includes water pressure and other fluid power systems.
Pneumatic includes all systems with compressed gases.

7. Definitions
Servicing and/or maintenance is where employees may be exposed to unexpected start-up or release of hazardous energy
Construction
Installing and setting up
Adjusting, inspecting, modifying
Maintaining and/or servicing equipment
Lubricating, cleaning or unjamming
Tool changes or adjustments
As you can tell, this standard covers many activities that may be performed by employees other than those authorized to perform maintenance.
Regardless of an employee’s job title, OSHA's LOTO Standard applies when the listed servicing or maintenance tasks are being performed and when there is potential for unexpected start-up or release of stored energy.
In addition, employees performing these tasks must be trained and authorized under the OSHA's LOTO Standard.

8. Definitions (cont’d)
Set-up - Work to prepare a machine to perform its normal production operation
Lockout – Placement of lockout device on an energy isolating device
Lockout device – Device that uses a physical means to prevent energizing of a machine or equipment

9. Definitions (cont’d)
Energized - Connected to an energy source, or containing residual or stored energy
Energy isolating device - A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy
Push buttons, selector switches and other control circuit devices are not energy isolating devices
Control circuit devices only interrupt the control circuit. They do not isolate the energy sources. They will not prevent several types of potential risks, which vary with machine and circuit design, such as the following examples:
Motors, pumps and other equipment can restart from shorts in the electrical system control circuits
Switches can fail and go unnoticed
Employees may start up machines without knowing that other employees are in a dangerous area.

10. Common Causes of Accidents
Failure to identify risk
Employees working outside of job description
Inadequate training and/or comprehension
Pressure to meet production goals
Feeling they can do the task after watching someone else do it
The speaker should paraphrase the points listed in the slide.

11. LOTO applies when:
Employees are performing servicing and maintenance, and there is a potential for injury from unexpected start-up or release of stored energy
Service and maintenance that takes place during normal production, if employee:
Must remove or bypass a guard or safety device; or
Must place any part of their body into the danger zone
Normal production operations are covered by OSHA's Machine Guarding Standards and are not part of Service and Maintenance.
The danger zone includes the point of operation or any other area where there is exposure to hazardous energy sources.
Let's consider the service and maintenance that takes place, such as clearing a major jam, which causes a temporary interruption of normal production. Assume this is going to require removing jammed parts or product and making adjustments the machine. The employee will probably not have to remove or bypass a guard, but will probably have to place their hands/arms into the point of operation area. Although this takes place during production, this type of un-jamming would in most cases not be considered routine and repetitive, and OSHA's LOTO Standard would apply. However, if this same employee could use special tools to remove this product, which would keep his body out of the Danger Area, OSHA's LOTO Standard would not apply.
Additional information can be found at: 29 CFR (a)(2)(ii)(B)

12. Exception to LOTO
Minor servicing activities that take place during normal production when alternative effective protection is used
The first thing to consider when determining an exception to LOTO is that the activities must be minor and have to take place during normal production.
By definition, set-up work (except minor tool changes and adjustments) is not production.
Some lubricating, cleaning and un-jamming activities may meet the exception criteria.
Determination of LOTO application should be made on a case-by-case basis.
The key thing to remember is that when certain servicing and maintenance tasks meet all the exception criteria, and LOTO is not required, alternative effective protection must be in place.

13. Minor Servicing During Normal Production Operations
Routine
Repetitive
Integral to the use of the equipment for production
Requires that the work is performed using measures which provide alternative effective protection.
In addition to the service and maintenance taking place during production with alternative effective protection, the service and maintenance must be routine, repetitive and integral to the production process.
If the decision is made that a job is a minor servicing activity that takes place during normal production when alternative effective protection is used, it may meet the exception criteria. Employers are responsible for making this determination on a case by case basis.
For further information, see OSHA's Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding Standard, 29 CFR

14. Alternative effective protection such as:
Interlocked gates and barriers
Mechanical blocks, pins, bars, or locking devices
Remote lubricators or other remote devices

15. Changing Slitter Knives
Changing blades in the trim knives and slitter knives does not have to be hazardous as can be seen in this operation where the knives pivot away from the sheet to a safe location while the procedure takes place.

16. Trim Knives

17. Power-Positioned Trim Knives

18. Roll Cleaning Is Lockout Required ?
When cleaning is required, and the machine is stopped and the rolls are separated, do you think that LOTO applies?
If the machine is operating, and you are cleaning the rolls from the out-running nip, LOTO may not apply. You should make that determination in your hazard analysis and include it in the operator work instructions and training.
When cleaning is required from the in-running nip, LOTO does apply.

19. Roll Cleaning
Traversing motor with buffing wheels is used to prevent employees from being exposed to the nip point hazard associated with cleaning the stack rolls.

20. Accident #1 Crushing Fatality
Employee was attempting to remove a waste buildup that had accumulated on a roller of a plastic extrusion machine.
He was pulled into and through the roll stand, and was fatally injured.
The roll stand had five 8” diameter rollers that were 4” apart and moved at over 300 RPM, and was equipped with emergency stop cord.
We are providing examples of recent extrusion accidents as a training exercise to help you better understand the types of injuries that are occurring, and to assist you in designing your machine safety programs to prevent these accidents.

21. Accident #2 Amputation of Fingers
Employee was troubleshooting a plastic extruder which developed a vacuum loss.
He opened the feeder pipe from the hopper.
While checking the 4” diameter nipple he noticed a piece of plastic inside.
He tried to remove it with his left hand.
He had several fingers amputated in the pneumatic slide-gate.

22. Core Components of an Energy Control Program
Energy control procedures for each type of machine
Training and retraining to ensure employees understand the program
Periodic inspection to ensure procedures are being followed
ABC Co.
Energy Control Program
Purpose._______________________________________________________________________
Compliance with this program ______________________________________________________________________________
Sequence of Lockout
(1)__________________________________________________
These are the 3 core components of the Energy Control Program. We will be discussing each one of these components.

23. Energy Control Procedures
Must be specific to each type of machine and equipment you are working on
Must include
Statement of intended use of the procedure
Steps for shutting down and securing machines and equipment
Steps for placing, removing, and transferring of lockout devices
Requirements for testing and verifying effectiveness of lockout devices
Energy control procedures provide authorized employees with written instructions specifying how to safely control hazardous energy while performing servicing and maintenance on specific machines.
The procedure must identify the type and magnitude of the hazardous energy they expect to encounter and the approved methods to control it.
If the control procedures are the same for various pieces of equipment, then a single energy control procedure may be sufficient.

24. Required Training Authorized employees Affected employees
Recognition of hazardous energy sources
Type and magnitude of energy in the workplace
Methods for energy isolation / control
Affected employees
Purpose and use of energy control procedures
Other employees in work area
Procedures related to restarting machines
Training in lockout must be provided to all employees who may be in an area where energy control procedures are used.
This training must ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program is understood and that employees gain the needed knowledge and skills to safely apply, use, and remove energy controls.

25. Retraining Requirements
Retraining is required when:
Change in job assignments
Change in machines
Change in energy control procedures
Equipment or processes present new hazards
Inspections reveal deficiencies in employee's knowledge of energy control procedures
Retraining must reestablish employee proficiency
Retraining must be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energy control procedures (c)(7)(iii)
Additional retraining must also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (c)(6) of this section reveals or whenever the employer has reason to believe that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of the energy control procedures.

26. Periodic Inspections Performed at least annually
Conducted by authorized employees
Intended to correct inadequacies identified in program
Certified
Employer is responsible for conducting inspections to ensure that the procedures and the lockout standard are being followed.
Inspections are conducted by authorized employees other than the one(s) utilizing the energy control procedure being inspected (c)(6)(i)(A)
An authorized employee is a person who locks out the equipment or machine in order to perform service and maintenance on it.

27. Certification Requirements
Identification of equipment or machinery
Date of inspection
Names of employees involved in the inspection
Name of person(s) performing inspection

28. Application of the Energy Control Procedure (Lockout)
Prepare for shutdown
Shut down equipment
Isolate all energy sources
Apply locks & tags
Release stored energy
Verify equipment isolation
Perform the task
Release from Lockout

29. Step 1: Prepare for Shutdown
Understand equipment hazards
Notify other workers of shutdown
Machinery and equipment should be shut down in an orderly manner using normal shutdown procedures.

30. Step 2: Shut down equipment
Use the normal shutdown procedures
Turn all switches to OFF/Neutral

31. Step 3: Isolate all Energy Sources
Use energy isolation devices in accordance with established procedures to prevent transmission or release of energy
Open breakers and disconnects
Shut off or close all control valves
Relieve, block or otherwise control stored or residual energy
Disable all sources of energy

32. Step 4: Apply Locks & Tags
Apply locks and tags to:
Valves
Breakers/electrical disconnects
Mechanical blocks
Before applying and after removing lockout/tagout devices, the authorized employee must notify all affected employees.
Blank and tag flanges
Valve lockout device

33. Step 5: Release or Block all Stored Energy
Discharge capacitors
Block/disconnect lines
Block or release springs
Block elevated parts
Relieve system pressure
Drain fluids
Vent gases
Allow system to cool (or use PPE)
Apply any additional locks and tags needed

34. Step 6: Verify Equipment Isolation
Check that other workers are clear of potential hazards
Check that locking devices are secure
Attempt normal startup
Return control to OFF/Neutral
Controls to verify
energy isolation

35. Step 7: Perform the Task
Perform maintenance or service

36. Step 8: Release from Lockout
Ensure machinery is properly assembled and all tools removed
Ensure that employees are outside of danger zones and are notified that devices are being removed
Remove LOTO devices
Must be removed by authorized employee who applied it
The authorized employee should follow these procedures prior to removing LOTO devices and restoring energy.
Exception: When authorized employee is not at the facility.
All reasonable efforts must be taken to consult with that employee or otherwise determine that it is safe to remove the lockout and proceed with the scheduled tasks, and in any event to inform him/her that the LOTO device has been removed. Written procedures must be in place to remove LOTO devices applied by an employee who is not available to remove them.

37. The Job Safety Analysis Process
The Job Safety Analysis (JSA) process is a very effective means of helping reduce incidents, accidents, and injuries in the workplace. It is a multi-step process.
Basic Job Steps
Potential Hazards
Recommended Safe Job Procedures
Break the job into a sequence of steps. Each of the steps should accompany some major task. That task will consist of a series of movements. Look at each series of movement within that basic task.
To complete a JSA effectively, you must identify the hazards or potential hazards associated with each step. Hazards contribute to accidents and injuries. All sources of energy must be identified. It is very important to look at the entire environment to determine every conceivable hazard that might exist.
Using the Sequence of Basic Job Steps and Potential Hazards, decide what actions are necessary to eliminate, control, or minimize hazards that could lead to accidents, injuries, damage to the environment, or possible occupational illness. Each safe job procedure or action must correspond to the job steps and identified hazards.
Everyone involved in implementing a job or task should be present when the JSA is written. The JSA should be reviewed, approved, and signed by the supervisor before the task is started. Understanding every job step is very important. Whenever a job step changes or a new step is introduced, the JSA must be reviewed and updated. Remember, the key reasons for completing a JSA are to encourage teamwork, to involve everyone performing the job in the process, and to elevate awareness.

38. Our sincere thanks to: United Southern Industries, Inc.
SPI Sheet Producer’s Division
Spartech Plastics, Inc.
OSHA Regions V & VIII
Michigan OSHA
The OSHA Office of Education and Training
OSHA’s Salt Lake Technical Center
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.
United Southern Industries, Inc., for Wayne Wilson’s time and expertise
OSHA Region V, for John Hermanson’s strong support of the Alliance goals and Jim Washam’s time and expertise.
Michigan OSHA
OSHA Office of Education and Training, for Cathy Cronin’s vision and leadership.
OSHA’s Salt Lake Technical Center for developing the animation for this course.

39. Do you have any Questions?