1. Factor of food spoilage

2. Factor of food spoilage
Two types of factor of food spoilage
Germ altering the sanitary quality
= pathogens for human
Germ altering merchantability
= pathogens for plant + degradation agents
Food infection
Unmarketable food

3. 1-Changing the appearance of food
Factor of food spoilage
Impact of degradation agents
1-Changing the appearance of food
« Blue » mozzarella following the development of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Erwinia carotovora on spice and in the middle of a melon

4. 1-Changing the appearance of food
Factor of food spoilage
Impact of degradation agents
1-Changing the appearance of food
Mold (Mucor) growing on the surface of a cheese…with appearance similar to cat hair

5. 2-Changing the taste of food
Factor of food spoilage
Impact of degradation agents
2-Changing the taste of food
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum causing « greening » with tomato sauce (here for example with beef lasagne)
Alternaria causing an acidic taste in citrus and citrus juices

6. 3-Changing the nutritional value and the processing opportunities
Factor of food spoilage
Impact of degradation agents
3-Changing the nutritional value and the processing opportunities
Plasmapora viticola (mildew of wine) grows on grapes and consumes carbohydrate reserves
 With less sugar it will be difficult to make a fermentation and transform grapes into wine !!

7. Impact of degradation agents
on potatoes

8. Potato, a target of all attacks…
Attacks by insects, worms, molluscs, rodents…
Viruses infections
Bacterial infections
Mold infections

9. Example of pathogen bacteria for potato : Pectobacterium
Pectobacterium (new name of the group Erwinia) :
 bacteria from Enterobacterial family,
 pathogen for a lot of plant,
 cause a decay of plants and tubers
 some important species (P.carotovorum, P.atrosepticum…)
P.atrosepticum (x 2850)
Decay of potato by P.atrosepticum

10. Pectobacterium : easily transmissible pathogenic

11. Steps of industrial production of potatoes
Pectobacterium : easily transmissible pathogenic
Steps of industrial production of potatoes
Planting
Possible contamination by Pectobacterium
Germination
Harvest
Everything contaminated!!
Washing
Water
Storage
Processing

12. Potato, a very important economy…
Regions of world production
- Europe
- Asia in particular China

13. Potato, a very important economy…
European production

14. Potato, a very important economy…
Global value of potatoes production
 6 billions dollars / year in the world
(2 for fresh potatoes, 4 for transformed potatoes : frozen products, starch…)

15. Potato, a very important economy…
Diseaeses of potatoes cause 32% loss of world production
FAO (Food and agriculture organization) – September 2009
 2 billions dollars losses / year !!!
It’s important to eradicate these diseases, by developping :
-innovative methods to diagnose these pathogens ,
-solutions for prevention and treatment.