1. Direct and Indirect Speech
Difference between the two:-
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Enclosed in inverted commas
Eg- Anita said, “ This is good”
No inverted commas
Eg-Anita said that this was good.
Comma used to separate direct speech and the reporting verb
Eg-Mother said, “Go to sleep”.
No comma necessary.
The direct speech will begin in capital letters.
Reporting verb

2. Changes that take place
Tense
Reporting verb in present tense
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Mother says, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”
Examples:-
She says,” I am very tired”
Ranjeet says, “ This parcel has been already opened”
Mother has said, “daily lessons will help you”
Example:-
Lekh has said, “ don’t worry! I won’t say anything to your parents”
Mother says that an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Mother has said that daily lessons will help me.

3. Reporting verb in future tense
Direct speech
Indirect speech
The leader will say,” If we lose, it will be your fault.”
Examples:-
Mr. Jasraj will say, “you play cricket very well”.
Salma will say, “Hiten’s parents have had an accident.”
The leader will say that if we lose it will be my fault.

4. 3 Reporting verb in past tense undergoes following changes
Direct Speech
Indirect speech
Simple present
Rita said,” l am home.”
Simple past
Rita said that she was home
Present continuous
Rita said, “ I am coming home”
Past continuous
Rita said that she was coming home
Present perfect
Rita said, “ I have been home”
Past perfect
Rita said that she had been home
Past tense
Rita said,” I was home”
Past perfect tense
Rita said that she had been home.
Future tense
Rita said , “I will come home”
Rita said that she would come home.