1. Cellular Biology Chapter 1 Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2. 2 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes  Prokaryotes  Nucleus (single, circular chromosome)  Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae  Eukaryotes  Complex cellular organization  Membrane-bound organelles  Well-defined nucleus  Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3 Cellular Functions  Movement  Conductivity  Metabolic absorption  Secretion  Excretion  Respiration  Communication

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4 Eukaryotic Cell  Nucleus  Nuclear envelope  Nucleolus  DNA DNA replication, repair, and transcription DNA replication, repair, and transcription  Histone proteins  Cell division

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5 Eukaryotic Cell  Cytoplasm  Cytoplasmic matrix  Cytosol  Function  Cytoplasmic organelles

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6 Eukaryotic Organelles  Ribosomes  RNA protein complexes  Free ribosomes  Attached ribosomes  Endoplasmic reticulum  Site of protein synthesis  Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7 Eukaryotic Organelles  Golgi complex  Flattened, smooth membranes  Secretory vesicles  Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are packaged in the Golgi complex  Cisternae

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8 Eukaryotic Organelles  Lysosomes  Originate from the Golgi  Hydrolases, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates  Role in autodigestion  Peroxisomes  Contain oxidative enzymes  Break down substances into harmless products

9. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9 Eukaryotic Organelles  Mitochondria  Surrounded by a double membrane  Participate in oxidative phosphorylation  Increased inner membrane surface area provided by cristae

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10 Eukaryotic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  “Bones and muscles” of the cell  Maintains the cell’s shape and internal organization  Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections  Microtubules Centrioles Centrioles  Microfilaments

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11 Plasma Membrane  Controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclose  Structure  Caveolae  Lipid bilayer Amphipathic lipids Amphipathic lipids  Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol  Carbohydrates

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12 Plasma Membrane  Proteins  Integral, peripheral, transmembrane  Functions Receptors Receptors Transport Transport Enzymes Enzymes Surface markers Surface markers Adhesion molecules Adhesion molecules

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13 Proteolytic Cascades  Caspase-mediated apoptosis  Blood coagulation cascade  Matrix metalloproteinase cascade  Complement cascade

14. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions  Extracellular matrix  Production Fibroblasts Fibroblasts  Collagen  Elastin  Fibronectin

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions  Cell junctions  Desmosomes  Tight junctions  Gap junctions  Gating

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16 Cellular Communication  Direct linkup  Gap junctions  Hormonal signaling  Neurohormonal signaling  Paracrine  Autocrine  Neurotransmitters

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17 Signal Transduction  Extracellular first messengers  Convey instructions to the cell’s interior Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate  Channel regulation  Second messengers  Two pathways Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Ca ++ Ca ++

18. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18 Cellular Metabolism  Metabolism  Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions  Anabolism Energy using Energy using  Catabolism Energy releasing Energy releasing

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19 Adenosine Triphosphate  Created from the chemical energy contained within organic molecules  Used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport

20. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20 Cellular Energy  Digestion  Glycolysis  Occurs in the cytoplasm  Anaerobic vs. aerobic  Citric acid cycle  Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)  Oxidative phosphorylation  Occurs in the mitochondria

21. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21 Membrane Transport  Gradient  Passive transport  Diffusion  Passive mediated transport  Filtration  Osmosis Osmolarity vs. osmolality Osmolarity vs. osmolality  Tonicity Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

22. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22 Membrane Transport  Active transport  Protein mediated  Active transport pumps  Transport by vesicle formation Endocytosis Endocytosis  Pinocytosis  Phagocytosis  Potocytosis

23. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23 Electrical Impulses  Resting membrane potential  Action potential  Depolarization  Threshold potential  Repolarization  Refractory period Absolute and relative Absolute and relative  Hypopolarization and hyperpolarization

24. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24 The Cell Cycle  Mitosis vs. cytokinesis  Chromatin vs. chromosomes  Interphase  G 1 phase  S phase  G 2 phase

25. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25 The Cell Cycle  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase

26. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26 Influences on the Cell Cycle  Cellular division rates  Growth factors  Cytokines  Platelet derived

27. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27 Tissue Formation  Founder cells  Chemotaxis  Contact guidance  Cellular reproduction

28. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28 Types of Tissue  Epithelial tissue  Simple vs. stratified  Squamous  Cuboidal  Columnar  Pseudostratified  Structures Cilia and microvilli Cilia and microvilli

29. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29 Types of Tissue  Connective tissue  Ground substance  Fibers  Loose and dense connective tissue  Elastic and reticular connective tissue  Cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs

30. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30 Types of Tissue  Muscle tissue  Smooth  Striated (skeletal)  Cardiac

31. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31 Types of Tissue  Neural tissue  Neurons  Synapses  Axons  Dendrites