1. David Stragar Pittsburgh Central Catholic PJAS 2010

2.  Most algal deaths result from salt runoff.  During winter, road salt runoff escalates.  Many attempts have been made to create a safe ice melt salt.

3.  Is part of the water cycle and describes the water that flows over a land surface. ◦ Materials that are transported on surface runoff are salt, fertilizers, petroleum, pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, hygiene products, etc. ◦ Water source runoff pollution? ◦ Mouthwash runoff?

4.  Listerine is made to kill bacteria in the oral cavity that cause plaque buildup and bad breath.  Ingredients: water, menthol, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol, thymol, alcohol, benzoic acid, sorbitol, sodium benzoate

5.  Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean.  Aside from road de-icing, salt can have many other uses, from cooking, manufacturing pulp and paper, to setting dyes in textiles and fabric. This is a high resolution picture of Halite A more commonly known form of NaCl known as table salt

6.  Base of aquatic food chain  Used as a bio indicator for aquatic environments

7.  Common algal like protist  Extremely tolerant of many habitats  Capable of survival in both salt and water environments  Partial heterotrophs can attain food through endocytosis and photosynthesis

8.  Device that measures light intensity or wavelengths of light  Used for measuring light absorption  Measures the light absorption of the algae ◦ More absorption = more algae ◦ Wavelength: 430nm

9.  To determine if mouthwash or NaCl have any significant effect on algae growth and survival.  Determine any synergistic effects of these variables

10. Alternative: Mouthwash and NaCl will effect Euglena growth, both together and alone. Null hypotheses: o Mouthwash will not effect Euglena growth. o NaCl will not effect Euglena growth. o Mouthwash and NaCl together will not effect Euglena growth.

11.  Euglena gracilis algae  NaCl stock concentration of 10%  Cool Mint Listerine Mouthwash  37 Test tubes  Test tube rack  Spectrophotometer  Grow light source  Soil water  Macro pipette and tips  Micropipette and tips  Spring water  Notebook  Calculator

12.  2. Record all absorbance readings at 430 nm for all tubes.  3. Place test tube rack under grow light.  4. Record absorbance on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.  5. Spring water was added to the tubes to replace water lost due to evaporation

13. 0% [Mouthwash]0.01% [Mouthwash]0.1% [Mouthwash] 0% NaCl 1 mL Soil Water-- 1 mL Algae-- 3 mL Spring Water2.97 mL Spring water2.7 mL Spring Water No Variables0.03 mL Mouthwash0.3 mL Mouthwash 5 mL Total Volume 1% NaCl --- --- 2.97 mL Spring Water2.94 mL Spring Water2.67 mL Spring Water 0.03 mL NaCl 0 mL Mouthwash0.03 mL Mouthwash0.3 mL Mouthwash 5 mL Total Volume 5% NaCl --- --- 2.55 mL Spring Water2.520 mL Spring Water2.25 mL Spring Water 0.45 mL NaCl 0 mL Mouthwash0.03 mL Mouthwash0.3 mL Mouthwash 5 mL Total Volume5 mL Total volume5 mL Total Volume 1. Fill 36 Culture tubes with the following concentrations.

14.  Limitations ◦ Algae was not kept at the same temperature each day. ◦ Weather variations could have slightly effected data. ◦ Algal cultures might not have been in optimal health  Extensions ◦ Algal health- the study will be repeated using a fresh culture and a longer period of observation ◦ Different light fixtures and sources ◦ Larger sample size

15. Mouthwash and NaCl Effects on Algal Growth Day Absorbance 430 nm

16.  Only NaCl p Value: 0.001806 < 0.05 = Accepted  Only Mouthwash p Value: 7.14E-05 < 0.05 = Accepted  All Data p Value: 0.000283 < 0.05 = Accepted

17.  Based on statistical analysis, both the single- factor ANOVA p values were rejected because the p values were less than 0.05. - The Mouthwash single-factor showed a very significant effect on algal growth.  Likewise, the ANOVA double-factor with replication p value was rejected because it was less than 0.05 also.

18.  Based on the interpretations of statistical analyses, it can be concluded that NaCl and Mouthwash both have a significant effect on Euglena growth.  The interpretation of the data also showed that, when combined, NaCl and Mouthwash

19.  "Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity". PLoS Genet. 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMID 17194223. p://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez &artid=1713255.  alga, algae". Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged with Seven Language Dictionary. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica  "De-icer damaging thousands of trees on mountain passes". The Seattle Times (19 March 2008). Retrieved on 18 March, 2008.  Aliphatic Chains of Esterified Lipids in Isolated eyesptos of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris1  www.oercommons.org/courses/algae-experiments  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometer

20.  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaCl  hamptonroads.com/2008/01/odu-experiment-turning- sewage-algaebased-biodiesel-flourishing  www.dow.com/productsafety/finder/cacl