1. Eukaryotic Cell Structure

2. Essential Questions  What are the functions of the major cell structures?

3. Organelles  “Little organs”  Specialized structures of the cell  Each organelle has unique functions  These organelles allow the cell to function properly

4. Organelle Groups  Cell biologists divide organelles into three groups based on their location Nucleus: nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelop Cytoplasm: mitochondria, vacuole, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, lysosomes, ribosomes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum Surface: cell membrane, cell wall

5. Nucleus  1. Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains nearly all cell DNA  2. Nuclear Envelope Surrounds the nucleus Contains nuclear pores  Allows material to move into and out of the nucleus

6. Nucleus cont…  3. Chromatin Consists of DNA bound to a protein Condenses to form chromosomes  4. Nucleolus Small, dense region Assembly of ribosomes begin here

7. 5. Cytoplasm  The portion of the cell outside the nucleus  Contains many organelles  Gel-like substance that protects the organelles  Allows movement

8. Cytoplasmic Organelles  6. Ribosome Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm Responsible for the assembly of proteins  Follows coded instructions from the nucleus  Numerous in cells active in protein synthesis

9.  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Site where lipid components, proteins and other materials are exported from the cell 7. Rough ER  Involved in the synthesis of proteins  Ribosomes are found on its surface 8. Smooth ER  Contains collections of enzymes Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs

10.  9. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Bodies) Proteins in the rough ER move next into the Golgi Apparatus It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or secretion Ships proteins to their final destination

11.  10. Lysosomes Small organelles filled with enzymes “clean up crew” Digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins so the rest of the cell can use them Removes dead organelles

12.  11. Vacuoles Saclike structures that stores materials Plant cells: the vacuoles is a single, large central organelle filled with liquid  Allows for support of leaves and flowers Help maintain homeostasis Also found in some animal cells

13.  12. Mitochondria Power house of the cell Responsible for provide the cell with energy  Converts stored energy in food into compounds that the cells can use Contains its own DNA  Some scientists believe that mitochondria, at one point, may have been a prokaryotic cell

14.  13. Chloroplasts Only found in plant cells Capture energy form sunlight and convert it into chemical energy  This process is called photosynthesis  Contains chlorophyll Gives plants its color Contains its own DNA  Some scientists believe that mitochondria, at one point, may have been a prokaryotic cell

15.  14. Centrioles Come from structures called microtubules Located near the nucleus Help to organize cell division Only in Animal Cells

16. 15. Cytoskeleton  A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape  Also aids in movement Flagellum Cilia

17.  16. Cell membrane Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell Provides protection and support  17. Cell wall Main function is to provide support and protection Only in plant cells