1. Chapter 3 Section 3: Cell Organelles

2. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
-has no
organelles
(no nucleus)
Both:
-are living
-have DNA
-are cells
Eukaryote:
-has organelles
(has a nucleus)
Prokaryotic- “simple” cells
Eukaryotic- “complex” (complejo) cells
Most living things you are familiar with (including humans) have eukaryotic cells.

3. Organelles: “little organs”
Cell Parts
Organelles: “little organs”
Think of a cell as a factory- lots of separate people, departments, and machines that each have their own task, but they work together to get a job done.

4. Nucleus
The Nucleus is an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA. Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s nucleus.
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Cell nucleus (like the factory central office): the “boss” of the cell
Directs all cell activities
Separated by a nuclear membrane (it’s own “cell wall”)
Contains genetic material - DNA

5. Nuclear Envelope
Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope are many small channels called nuclear pores.
Ribosomal proteins and RNA are made in the nucleus.
Ribosomes are partially assembled in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus.

6. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the cellular structures on which proteins are made.
Ribosomes (like the factory assembly line): put together proteins
Each cell contains thousands
Found on reticulum and floating throughout the cell

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER is an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum (like factory conveyor belts): move materials around in cell
Smooth type: has no ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): has ribosomes in surface

8. Why do they call me the “rough ER”?
The rough ER helps transport proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes.
The part of the ER with attached ribosomes is called the Rough ER. .
Why do they call me the “rough ER”?

9. Vesicles New proteins enter the ER.
The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a Vesicle.
A Vesicle is a small membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells. The ER moves proteins and other substances with eukaryotic cells.

10. Packaging and Distribution of Proteins
Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the cytoplasm from the ER to an Organelle called the Golgi Apparatus
Golgi bodies (like the factory packing and shipping department): the UPS or Fed-Ex of the cell
Transports and packages proteins and other materials in the cell
Moves materials within the cell
Moves materials out of the cell

11. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packing and distribution center of the cell.

12. Lysosomes
Lysosome is a small spherical vesicle that contains digestive enzymes that break down waste.
Lysosomes (like the factory waste management dpartment): the “wrecking crew” and “trash can” of the cell
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes or ruptures 

13. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles that harvest energy from organic compounds to make ATP.
ATP is the main energy currency of cells. Most ATP is made inside the Mitochondria.
Mitochondria (like the factory generator): the “power plant” of the cell
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

14. Mitochondria
Mitochondria have two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane is greatly folded, and has a large surface area.

15. Mitochondria
Mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria reproduce independently of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is similar to the DNA of prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are thought to be descendants of primitive prokaryotes.

16. “Typical” Plant Cell

17. Plant Cell Structure
Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells:
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Plant cell
Contain a nucleus and other organelles (smaller parts) surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms have these type of cells
Animal cell

18. Cell Wall (plants only)
The cell membrane of plant cells is surrounded by a thick cell wall, composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
The cell wall helps support and maintain the shape of the cell, protects the cell from damage, and connects the cell with adjacent cells.
Cell Wall (like factory outer walls): further protects the cell and provides strength

19. Chloroplast (plants only)
Chloroplasts are organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
Cholorplasts like mitochondria, supply much of the energy needed to power the activities of plant cells.
Chloroplasts (like factory solar energy plants): turns energy from the sun (with CO2 and water) into food
Contains green chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place

20. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, have their own DNA and reproduce independently of the plant cell.
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are thought to be descendants of ancient prokaryotes.

21. Central Vacuole
Most of a plant cell’s volume is taken up by a large, membrane-bound space called the Central Vacuole.
The central vacuole stores water and may contain ions, nutrients, and wastes.
Vacuoles (like factory storage/factory water tower): the “storage container” of the cell
Sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Help plants maintain shape- very large in plants

22. Movie Time