1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

3. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

4. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

5. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

6. Textile Factory Workers in England

7. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

8. Mass Production Methods
Division of Labor
Standardization
Assembly Line
Higher Standard of Living

9. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

10. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

11. The Enclosure Movement

12. “Enclosed” Lands Today

13. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

14. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

15. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Iron refined into steel.
Innovations make steel feasible * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

16. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

17. Young Coal Miners

18. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

19. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

20. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” early 1700s

21. Spinning Mule 1779 Samuel Crompton

22. The Power Loom Richard Arkwright, late 1700s

23. Cotton Gin 1793 Eli Whitney

24. Steam Engine 1769 James Watt

25. Steam Tractor

26. Steam Ship 1807 Robert Fulton

27. Early Steam Locomotive 1814 George Stephenson

28. Later Locomotives

29. Magnetic Coil & Electricity 1831 Michael Faraday

30. Telegraph 1844 Samuel Morse

31. Telephone 1876 Alexander Graham Bell

32. Light bulb 1879 Thomas Edison

33. Television 1934 Vladimir Zworykin

34. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 London
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

35. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

36. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

37. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

38. New Ways of
Thinking

39. Adam Smith Laissez-faire economics – Ideas Wealth of Nations – Book
“the invisible hand”

40. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

41. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

42. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

43. The Socialists: Utopians
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

44. The Socialists: Utopians
Robert Owen
Philosophy
New Landmark, Scotland

45. The Socialists: Marxists
Scientific Socialism
Communist Manifesto
Failure in Europe
Karl Marx/F. Engels

46. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

47. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

48. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

49. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

50. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

51. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

52. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

53. Industrial Staffordshire

54. The New Industrial City

55. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

56. Worker Housing in Manchester

57. Factory Workers at Home

58. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

59. The New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

60. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

61. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

62. Protests / Reformers

63. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

64. The Luddites

65. The Neo-Luddites Today

66. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

67. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

68. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

69. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

70. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

71. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

72. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

73. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

74. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

75. Industrialization By 1850

76. Railroads on the Continent

77. Shares in World Trade: Leading European Nations

78. The End