1. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory Jeff Holmes, Slava Danilov, and Sarah Cousineau SNS/ORNL October, 2004 ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop Bensheim, Germany Painting Self-Consistent Beam Distributions in Rings

2. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 2 Brief Problem Description SNS example: beam distribution after MEBT 1) S-shape was formed; 2) Halo strings grew to 10 rms in y-direction. Reasons: tails and core have different frequencies, tails not properly populated. This causes fast dilution of the phase space. Fast dilution and/or core oscillations cause resonances; resonant particles are subject to amp. growth and losses

3. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 3 Self-Consistent Space Charge Distributions 1)To solve beam degradation problems related to space charge, we would like to create self-consistent distributions. 2)By self-consistent, we mean beam distributions that a) are time-independent or periodic in time, b) support linear space charge forces, and c) maintain their shape and density under all linear transformations. 3) Ellipsoidal distributions of uniform density will satisfy self-consistency. A distribution which is self- consistent, or nearly so, will produce no loss and preserve rms emittance in the course of accumulation (acceleration).

4. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 4 How Many Analytic Solutions Have Been Found? 1)Time-independent up to 3D (Batygin, Gluckstern…). Their use is limited, because of the fact that the conventional focusing uses alternating gradient. 2) Time-dependent with nonlinear force – none. 3) Time-dependent with linear force – up to 2D (Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky distribution). 4) New classes of self-consistent distributions have been described in Danilov, et al, PRST-AB 6 (2003). This presentation will highlight progress in ongoing studies with these newly described distributions.

5. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 5 Basic Math of Self-Consistent Distributions F(X,Y) is the space charge force, f is the distribution function; 2D case is taken just for example. The first example: linear 1D case – the beam density is constant. where the distribution function f doesn’t depend on phase. The integral equation is called Abel’s Integral Equation. x 0

6. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 6 Math for Self-Consistent Elliptical Distributions Outstanding fact – any linear transformation of the phase space preserves the elliptical shape. Valid for all-D cases. 1D sample drift transform proof: After linear drift transformation there exist substitution of variables such that the density integral in new variables is exactly same. It means constant density again x y

7. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 7 Envelope Equations Linear motion – quadratic invariant- solution to Vlasov equation for constant density as a function of this invariant- linear force-linear motion. We get closed loop of self-consistency. One final step – boundaries of the beam determine the force, force determines the particle dynamics, including dynamics of the boundary particles. Boundaries (or envelopes) must obey dynamic equations. In 2D case : General Result – if distribution depends on quadratic form of coordinates and momenta and initially produces constant density in coordinate space, this density remains constant under all linear transformations. a b

8. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 8 New Solutions – 2D set The difference with previous cases- the distribution depends on other invariants, not only on Hamiltonian. RbRb Rotating disk – arrows show the velocities. In all xy, p x p y, p x x, p y y projections this figure gives a disk – different topology then one of the KV distribution x y Any linear transformation preserves elliptical shape. The proof: 4D boundary elliptical line remains always elliptical, the projection of elliptical line onto any plane is an ellipse, the density remains constant under any linear transformation The principle – delta-functions reduce the dimension in the density integral. Remaining eqn. for g(H) is same as in time-independent case

9. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 9 New Solutions – 3D set 3 new 3D cases found. All have ellipsoidal shape in xyz projection. The density inside is always constant.

10. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 10 SNS Injection – How the Distribution is Formed

11. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 11 Self-Consistency: No-Chromaticity Low-Dispersion Case SNS case – chromaticity can be eliminated by sextupoles, dispersion exists only in the arcs (no dispersion in the drifts, etc.), but there is strong double harmonic - 2D case is enough (neglect longitudinal space charge force. 1)Present injection – moving the closed orbit from the foil, no injected particle angles foil Growing tails because of space charge- is a typical dilution effect 2) Modified injection – needs particle angle on the foil, round betatron modes (e.g. equal betatron tunes). This {2,2} distribution has outstanding property – it retains its self-consistent shape at any moment of injection

12. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 12 No-Chromaticity Low-Dispersion Case cont. Painting without angle Painting with angle Recall sharply peaked longitudinal density profile... 4.37  10 13 protons Finally, self consistent distribution is one having transverse elliptical shape, and its size should correspond to envelope parameters along longitudinal coordinate – the last condition can be met when we introduce injected beam beta function variation along the beam. It needs an additional fast kicker or RF quadrupole. tail Tr. size: center

13. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 13 Paint {2,0} Distribution in SNS: Nonlinear Effects Destroy Self-Consistency LinearFringe Fields SextupolesFringe Fields + Sextupoles

14. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 14 Solution: Include Solenoids to Split Tunes and Paint to an Eigenfunction For the same SNS case as the previous slides, include two solenoids in straight section to split tunes and paint {2,0} distribution to one of the eigenfunctions. Results show painted beam in phase space and tune separation and spread of eigenvectors. x-x' y-y' Tunes

15. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 15 {2,0} Distribution: Effects of Solenoids and Space Charge Fringe Fields and Sextupoles Included Unless Noted Add Solenoids Add Solenoids Add Space Charge

16. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 16 Ring High-Dispersion Case Dispersion effect is stabilizing Not every energy distribution provides linearity of the transverse force The condition for self-consistency – any transformation x -> x + D  p/p should preserve the linearity of the force Newly found 3D distributions satisfy the conditions because the transformation x -> x + D  p/p is linear in 6D phase space. The longitudinal force, which is proportional to the derivative of the linear density is also linear!!! fully self-consistent ring distribution is a uniform ellipsoid in projection to 3D real space Chromaticity is equal to zero. Chromatic cases not investigated

17. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 17 {3,2} Distribution With Linear Transport Including 3D Uniform Focusing (Shown After 100 Turns) x-y Φ-y Φ-dE x-y' y-x'

18. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 18 {2,2} or {3,2} rotating disk case The conclusion: the rotating disk self-consistent distribution can be transformed by skew quad into distribution with one (e.g. vertical) zero emittance. This is the ideal choice for collider with flat beams RbRb x y skew quad before x x’ y y’ after x x’ y y’ Amazing detail: regularly looking beam (in x and y phase spaces) transformed into zero emittance beam. Reason – xy correlations.

19. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 19 {3,2} Distribution: Transforming to Flat Beam With Skew Quad Followed by Transport Take the {3,2} distribution shown in the previously: –x-y‘ shown –y-y‘ shown Pass through skew quad of appropriate strength: –y-y‘ shown Transport through appropriate length: –y-y‘ shown Top figure is without space charge. Bottom figure includes space charge, which opposes compression. Add Space Charge

20. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 20 {3,2} Distribution: Create for SNS Lattice (Linear Transport) and Manipulate to Make Flat Beam Uniform Focusing SNS Lattice x-y Add Space Charge

21. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 21 Summary This presentation builds on previous work (V. Danilov et al, PRST-AB 6, 094202 (2003)) to explore some of the newly found 2D {2,2} and 3D {3,2} distributions. Specifically, it is shown that: –In 2 dimensions:  Although we can paint a {2,2} distribution into SNS, nonlinear effects such as fringe fields or sextupoles destroy self- consistency.  This can be rectified by adding solenoids to split the tunes, and then painting to one of the resulting eigenfunctions.  With or without solenoids, the inclusion of space charge gives round beams. –In 3 dimensions:  We demonstrated the self-consistency of {3,2} distributions under linear transport over 100 turns both for uniform focusing and for the SNS lattice.  We examined the process to create flat beams from the {3,2} distribution with the use of a skew quad followed by transport.  We found that this method works with linear transport, but that space charge limits the compression of the beam.

22. Accelerator PhysicsOak Ridge National Laboratory 22 Next Steps There are several immediate steps to be taken: –We need to work on matching with space charge. Although the inclusion of space charge results in round beams, they are not matched and the densities are not precisely linear. –We need to study nonlinear effects on self-consistent 3D ({3,2} distribution) beams. –We need to determine injection schemes to create self- consistent 3D beams. The 3D distributions studied so far were created externally and injected at once. –We need to study space charge limits with self-consistent beams. One of the motivations for such beams is the smaller tune shifts provided by uniform space charge distributions.