2. Classification of Matter-  Today’s Words –Matter –Solid –Liquid –Gas –Surface tension –Viscosity  Today’s Special Words –Crystalline solids –Amorphous solids –Compressibility

3. Classification of Matter  Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.  We can classify matter based on whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas. 2

4. Classifying Matter by Physical State  Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on the characteristics it exhibits. fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container indefinite = takes the shape of the container 3

5. Solids  Have definite shape and definite volume  Particles are tightly packed –though they may vibrate  The close packing of the particles results in solids being incompressible. –Solid particles vibratingSolid particles vibrating –What is water? Solids vs liquidsWhat is water? Solids vs liquids 4

6. Crystalline Solids  Some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern─we call these crystalline solids. –salt –diamonds –sugar 5

7. Amorphous Solids  Some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern─we call these amorphous solids. –plastic –glass –charcoal 6

8. Liquids  Do not have definite shape but do have definite volume  Particles are loosely packed  The close packing results in liquids being incompressible. 7

9. Liquids Viscosity  Flows slower than water  Slows down a temperature goes down  Examples: –Cooking Oil –Car Oil –Syrup –Lava Surface Tension  Seen with water  Molecules are attracted to each other  Example: –Water drops on grass –Bug walking across pond –Over filling a glass

10. States of Matter  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrUBP O6zZ40&list=PLED25F943F8D6081C https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrUBP O6zZ40&list=PLED25F943F8D6081C  http://labs.minutelabs.io/Brownian-Motion/ http://labs.minutelabs.io/Brownian-Motion/  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- QhU8eMR4IQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- QhU8eMR4IQ

11. Gases  In the gas state, the particles have complete freedom from each other.  The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container.  In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space between the particles. –on average 10

12. Gases  Because there is a lot of empty space, the particles can be squeezed closer together; therefore, gases are compressible.  Because the particles are not held in close contact and are moving freely, gases expand to fill and take the shape of their container, and will flow. 11

13. 1 1 Vapor  Matter that exists in the gas state but is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature is called vapor.  Water, for example, is a liquid at room temperature. Thus, water vapor is the term for the gas state of water.

16. Definite Shape Definite Volume Atoms Matter No definite shape No definite volume Particles close together Particles slide past each other Particles move quickly

17. Thermal Energy Lecture 3.2a

18. Heat and Thermal Energy  Thermal Energy is the energy that moves in heat transfer Lower temp = lower thermal energy Higher temp = higher thermal energy

19. Temperature  Temperature : –A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

20. What Changes Thermal Energy?  1. Temperature  2. Amount of substance More moving particles = more thermal energy More moving particles = more thermal energy

21. What Is Heat?  The transfer of energy between objects at different temperatures High Temperature Objects Low Temperature Objects ** Energy moves from high-temp. to low-temp to low-temp.

22.  Kinetic  Kinetic Energy of molecules!! Thermal Energy is Related To…?

23. Reaching The Same Temperature  The point at which both objects in contact reach the same temperature… ** NO CHANGE IN THERMAL ENERGY OCCURS!!

24. Changes of State Section 2b

25. Changes of State TThere are six major changes of state Freezing Melting Vaporization Evaporation Condensation Sublimation

26. Freezing  Freezing – The change of state from a liquid to a solid.  As liquids cool their particles begin to slow, bringing them closer together  The freezing point of water is 0 o C  Freezing is a loss of thermal energy

27. Melting  Melting – The change of state from a solid to a liquid.  As a substance absorbs heat energy the objects particles begin to heat up and move faster and farther away from one another.  The melting point of water is 0 o C  Melting is a gain of thermal energy.

28. Vaporization  Vaporization – Process that occurs when a liquid becomes a gas known as boiling  Dependent on how strongly the particles in the object are held together.  The boiling point of water is 100 o C  Vaoprization is a gain of thermal energy.

29. Evaporation  Evaporation – Occurs when a liquid acquires enough energy to become a gas only on the surface of a liquid.  Evaporation is a gain of thermal energy.

30. Condensation  Condensation – Occurs when a gas loses enough thermal energy to become a liquid.  Particles in a gas lose energy and begin to move slower, coming closer together.   Condensation is a loss of thermal energy.

31. Sublimation  Sublimation – Occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy to become a gas.  The object goes directly from a solid to a gas skipping the liquid phase. Ex. Dry Ice  Sublimation is a gain of thermal energy.

32. Vaporization

33. Definite Shape Definite Volume Atoms Matter No definite shape No definite volume Particles close together Particles slide past each other Particles move quickly Sublimation Melting/ Freezing Evaporation Vaporization Condensation

34. Phase Change  What happens when things melt, boil, etc.?  During a phase change, Thermal energy is either absorbed or released. –Solid to a Liquid and a Liquid to a Gas both Absorb Thermal Energy. –Gas to a Liquid and Liquid to a Solid both Release Thermal Energy.

35. Phase Change  What happens to substances when they are heated or cooled?  When objects are heated they Expand.  When objects are cooled the Contract. –Water is the only exception. It actually expands as it cools.

36. Phase Change  Change of State Graph