1. Chapter 18 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins ( 氨基酸、肽、蛋白质 )

2. Amino acids L-amino acids Most of the chiral centers in natural α-amino acids are (S)-configurations. The relative configuration of most α-Amino Acids are L-.

3. Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds

4. Glycine, Gly 甘氨酸 Alanine, Ala 丙氨酸 Valine, Val 缬氨酸 Leucine, Leu 亮氨酸 Isoleucine, Ile 异亮氨酸 The 20 standard α-amino acids Phenylalanine, Phe 苯丙氨酸 R = hydrocarbyl R 为烃基的氨基酸

5. Hydroxy-Containing Amino Acids 含羟基氨基酸 Serine, Ser 丝氨酸 Threonine, Thr 苏氨酸 Tyrosine, Tyr 酪氨酸

6. Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids 含硫氨基酸 Cysteine, Cys 半胱氨酸 Methionine, Met 蛋氨酸

7. Acidic Amino Acids 酸性氨基酸 Amides of Acidic Amino Acids 酸性氨基酸的酰胺 Aspartatic acid, Asp, 门冬氨酸 Glutamic acid, Glu, 谷氨酸 Asparagine, Asn, 门冬酰胺 Glutamine, Gln, 谷氨酰胺

8. Basic Amino Acids 碱性氨基酸 Lysine, Lys 赖氨酸 Arginine, Arg 精氨酸 Histidine, His 组氨酸

9. Tryptophan, Try 色氨酸 Proline, Pro 脯氨酸 The 8 essential amino acids ( 必需氨基酸，八种 )

10. Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids The isoelectric point ( pI ，等电点 ) of an amino acid is the pH at which it has no net charge. pK a1 pK a2

11. isoelectric point (pI ，等电点 ) Acidic amino acids: aspartic acid 门 冬氨酸 (2.8), glutamic acid 谷氨酸 (3.2), Neutral amino acids: (5.0~6.3) Basic amino acids: lysine 赖氨酸 (9.7) arginine 精氨酸 (10.8) histidine 组氨酸 (7.6)

12. Problem 24-4: Draw the structure of the predominant form of (a)Valine at pH 11 (b)Proline at pH 2 (c)Arginine at pH 7 (d)Glutamic acid at pH 7

13. A mixture of amino acids can be separated by Electrophoresis ( 电泳 ) on the basis of their pI values Ninhydrin( 茚三酮 ) is used to detect the individual amino acids Ninhydrin( 茚三酮 ) 氨基酸的显色剂 pH 6 buffer solution 缓冲溶液

14. A mixture of amino acids can also be separated on the basis of polarity

15. 1. Acylation of amino group Reactions of α-amino acids PhCH 2 OCOCl, CbzCl: benzyl chloroformate, 氯甲酸苄酯, 保护氨基

16. 2. Alkylation Application ：氨基酸的 N- 端的测定 3. Reaction with HNO 2

17. 4. Reaction with ninhydrin 茚三酮 deep purple 深紫色 Note: proline can not give this phenomenon.

19. 5. Esterification of the carboxy group Application ：保护氨基酸的羧基

20. Synthesis of α-amino acids 1. Reductive amination of α-ketoacid 24-5A α-ketoacid ( 酮酸 ) α-amino acid A biomimetic synthesis 生物模拟合成

21. NADH ：烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸，还原态 NAD+ ：氧化态 α-ketoglutaric acid α- 氧代戊二酸 L-glutamic acid L- 谷氨酸

22. 2. Amination of α-halo acids HVZ reaction A)A large excess of amine was used; B)The adjacent carboxylate ion in the product reduces the nucleophilicity of the amino group. Acceptable yield

24. This method is a modification of the Gabriel synthesis of amines. The yields are usually high and the products are easily purified. 3. The Gabriel-malonic ester synthesis

25. 4. The Strecker synthesis

26. Resolution of D,L-amino acids ( 氨基酸的拆分 ) Acylase 酰化酶， 只使 L- 乙酰氨基酸 脱乙酰基

27. Peptides 肽 N-terminus N- 端 C-terminus C- 端

28. Peptide Bond ( 肽键 ) alanylglycylalanine; ala-gly-ala; AGA 丙氨酰甘氨酰丙氨酸, 丙甘丙

29. Formation of Disulfide Bonds Disulfides can be reduced to thiols 半胱氨酸 胱氨酸

30. The disulfide bridge in proteins contributes to the overall shape of a protein 牛胰岛素

31. Synthesis of peptides (24-10, 11) Problem: Synthesis of ala-gly

32. ala-gly Solution-phase Peptide Synthesis 液相合成

33. Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis 固相合成 Merifield automated solid-phase synthesis of a tripeptide di-tert-butyldicarbonate ， Boc 2 O 二碳酸二叔丁酯； Boc 酸酐

36. Amino acids can be added to the growing C-terminal end by repeating these two steps …………………

37. Peptide structure determination Step 1: cleavage of the disulfide bridges Step 2: determine the number and kinds of amino acids in the peptide or protein proteinamino acids 6 N HCl 100 ° C 24 h Step 3: sequencing the peptides ----terminal residue analysis

39. Sequencing from the N-terminus: the Edman degradation + NH 2 -peptide ……………

40. The C-terminal amino acid can be identified by treating the protein with carboxypeptidase （羧肽酶）

41. Partial hydrolysis ( 部分水解 ) Problem: acid-catalysed hydrolysis of oxytocin (after cleavage of the disulfide bond) gives a mixture that include the following peptides: Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro Pro-Leu-gly.NH 2 Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly Propose the complete sequence of oxytocin. Answer: Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly.NH 2

42. Secondary Structure of Proteins 蛋白质的二级结构 Describe the conformation of segments of the backbone chain of a peptide or protein. Three factors determine the choice of secondary structure: the regional planarity about each peptide bond maximization of the number of peptide groups that engage in hydrogen bonding adequate separation between nearby R groups

43. The  -Helix ( 螺旋结构 ) Is Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds Prolines are helix breakers

44. Two Types of  -Pleated Sheets ( 折叠结构 )

45. Most globular proteins( 球蛋白 ) have random coil ( 线团 ) conformations

46. The tertiary structure is （三级结构） the three-dimensional arrangement of all the atoms in the protein

47. The stabilizing interactions include covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, and hydrophobic interactions The tertiary structure is defined by the primary structure Disulfide bonds are the only covalent bonds that can form when a protein folds Proteins that have more than one peptide chain are called oligomers （低聚物）

48. The quaternary structure （四级结构） The quaternary structure refers to the association of two or more peptides chains in the complete protein.

49. Summary 20 standard amino acids Isoelectric point, acid–base properties Protection of amino and carboxyl groups Reaction with ninhydrin Lab synthesis of amino acids (4 methods) Structure of peptides Synthesis of peptides (solution and solid synthesis) Analysis of peptides Structure of proteins

50. assignment 24-34, 35, 36, 43, 44