1. Ethnic , Gender and Other Dialects

2. African American English (AAE)
Phonological Differences
R-deletion
guard = god, sore = saw, poor = pa
L-deletion
all = awe, help = hep
Neutralization of [I and [E] before nasals (intermediate sound)
pin = pen, ten = tin
Loss of interdental fricatives
Ruth = roof
Brother = brover
This = dis
That = dat

3. Syntactic Differences
Double negatives
“he don’t know nothing”
“he don’t got none”
Deletion of the verb “to be”
He is nice. = He nice.
I am gonna do it. = I gonna do it.
Habitual “be”
Sarah is happy. = Sarah be happy.
( Sarah is a always a happy person)
He is late. = He late
He is always late. = He be late.

4. Latino/Hispanic/Chicano English
Phonological Differences
Substitution of the Spanish 5 vowel system for the English 11 vowel system
ship & sheep = sheep
rid and read = read
Interchangeability of sh and ch
show = cho
check = sheck
Devoicing some consonants
easy = isi
guys = gais
Final consonant cluster simplification
war and ward = war
star and start = star
Consonant substitution
th = t (thin = tin)
th = d (they = dey)
Addition of e sound at beginning of s words
school = eskool
start = estart

5. Latino/Hispanic/Chicano English
Syntactic Differences:
Double negatives
“he don’t know nothing”
“he don’t got none”
Use of more for move often
Use of out from for away from

6. Styles and Registers
Situational dialects that are used in different roles and in differing social situations.
Informal vs formal
EG. Tu vs usted in Spanish
Motherese with young children

7. Slang An informal set of alternative vocabulary and/or meanings
Including:
Recombining existing words in new ways to create meanings (“spaced out”)
Introducing new words (zonked)
Attaching new meanings to existing words
(“to text”)

8. Jargon/Argot
A set of vocabulary that is used in a specified limited technical, professional or occupational context.
EG. The vocabulary that you have been learning in this class that is used by specialists in Linguistics: phoneme, morpheme, phonetics, phonemics, morphology, syntax, semantics, grammar, etc.

9. Taboo Language vs Euphemisms
Taboo = language that should not be used in polite situations
Euphemism = a word that replaces a taboo or unpleasant word
Class Exercise
Why Use Taboo Language?
Why Use Euphemisms?