1. Nondestructive
Testing Methods
NDT

2. Nondestructive Testing Methods
Magnetic Particle
Liquid Penetrant
Eddy Current
Radiography
Ultrasonic
Acoustic Emission

3. Magnetic Particle Testing

4. Magnetic Particle Testing

5. Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic particle inspection is a method that can be used to find surface and near surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials such as steel and iron.

6. Magnetic Particle Testing
The technique uses the principle that magnetic lines of force (flux) will be distorted by the presence of a flaw in a manner that will reveal it's presence.
IRON POWDER N S S S N N
CRACK

7. COIL (COMPLETELY CLOSED MAGNET)
Magnetic Particle Testing
IRON POWDER N S
CRACK
COIL (COMPLETELY CLOSED MAGNET)

8. Magnetic Particle Testing
The flaw (for example, a crack) is located from the "flux leakage", following the application of fine iron particles, to the area under examination. There are variations in the way the magnetic field is applied.
IRON POWDER
IRON POWDER N S N S
CRACK S N
CRACK

9. Magnetic Particle Testing
The iron particles can be applied dry or wet; suspended in a liquid, colored or fluorescent. While magnetic particle inspection is primarily used to find surface breaking flaws, it can also be used to locate sub-surface flaws. But it's effectiveness quickly diminishes depending on the flaw depth and type.

10. Magnetic Particle Testing
Surface irregularities and scratches can give misleading indications. Therefore it is necessary to ensure careful preparation of the surface before magnetic particle testing is undertaken.

11. Liquid Penetrant Testing

12. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Liquid penetrant inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw.

13. Liquid Penetrant Testing
The technique is based on the ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface breaking flaw by capillary action.
Penetration
Penetrant
Fluorescent penetrant on surface seeps into the crack.

14. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Emulsifies is applied to the penetrant. Emulsifier mixes with penetrant on the surface, but penetrant in the crack is not emulsified. Emulsifier makes the mixture washable .
Emulsification
Emulsifier and penetrant
Penetrant only

15. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Water spray removes the emulsified penetrant. Water removes the surface film as well.
Rinse
water
Penetrant only

16. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Developer draws the penetrant out of the crack.
Development
developer
Penetrant

17. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Black light causes the penetrant to glow in dark.
Inspection
Black Light
Developer
Penetrant

18. Ultrasonic Testing

19. Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic inspection uses sound waves of short wavelength and high frequency to detect flaws or measure material thickness. It is used on aircraft, the power stations generating plant, or welds in pressure vessels at an oil refinery or paper mill.

20. Ultrasonic Testing
Usually pulsed beams of high frequency ultrasound are used via a hand- held transducer which is placed on the specimen.

21. Ultrasonic Testing
Any sound from that pulse that returns to the transducer like an echo is shown on a screen which gives the amplitude of the pulse and the time taken to return to the transducer.
Defects anywhere through the specimen thickness reflect the sound, back to the transducer. Flaw size, distance and reflectivity can be interpreted. Because of its complexity considerable technician training and skill is required.

22. Eddie Current Testing

24. Eddie Current Testing
Eddy current testing is an electromagnetic technique and can only be used on conductive materials. It's applications range from crack detection, to the rapid sorting of small components for either flaws, size variations, or material variation. Commonly it is used in the aerospace, automotive, marine and manufacturinq industries.

25. Eddie Current Testing
When an energized coil is brought near to the surface of a metal component, eddy currents are induced into the specimen. These currents set-up magnetic field that tend to oppose the original magnetic field. The impedance of coil in close proximity to the specimen is effected by the presence of the induced eddy currents in the specimen.

26. Eddie Current Testing
When the eddy currents in the specimen are distorted by the presence of the flaws or material variations, the impedance in the coil is altered. This change is measured and displayed in a manner that indicates the type of flaw or material condition.

27. Acoustic Emission Testing

28. Acoustic Emission Testing
Acoustic emission monitoring (AE) involves listening to the sounds (which are usually inaudible to the human ear) made by a material, structure or machine in use or under load and drawing conclusions about it's "state of health" from what is heard, just as a Doctor would listen to your heart and lungs.

29. Acoustic Emission Testing
The technique involves attaching one or more ultrasonic microphones to the object and analyzing the sounds using computer based instruments.
The noises may arise from friction (including bearing wear), crack growth, turbulence (including leakage) and material changes such as corrosion.

30. Acoustic Emission Testing
The advantages of AE are that a whole structure can be monitored from a few locations, the structure can be tested in use (without taking it out of service) and continuous monitoring with alarms is possible. Microscopic changes can be detected if sufficient energy is released and source location is also possible using multiple sensors.

31. Acoustic Emission Testing
Applications include testing pipelines and storage tanks (above and below the ground), fibreglass structures, rotating machinery, weld monitoring and biological and chemical changes.

32. Radiography(X-Ray Inspection)

34. Radiography(X-Ray Inspection)
X-rays are produced by high voltage x ray machines whereas gamma rays are produced from radioactive isotopes such as Iridium 192 .The x-ray or gamma rays are placed close to the material to be inspected and they pass through the material and are then captured on film. This film is then processed and the image is obtained as a series of gray shades between black and white.

35. Radiography(X-Ray Inspection)
The choice of which type of radiation is used (x ray or gamma ) depends on the thickness of the material to be tested. Gamma sources have the advantage of portability which makes them ideal for use in construction site working.

36. Radiography(X-Ray Inspection)
X-rays and gamma rays are very hazardous. Special precautions must be taken when performing radiography. Therefore the operator will use these inside a protective enclosure or with appropriate barriers and warning signals to ensure there are no hazards to personnel.

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