1. Passive seismic reflection imaging, on the earth and on the moon Kees Wapenaar Delft University of Technology

2. Structural trends in the subsurface of the Netherlands, with recent sources of seismicity (white circles) and contours of constant depth of the Mohorovic discontinuity (Beekman and Stephenson).

3. 25% of antennas in central core High speed data transport Antenna cluster (Station) Central processor X Lofar / Persimmon (Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network)

5. Test-site Exloo

7. Experiments for optimal receiver responses Experiments for optimal receiver responses Zoomed-in dynamite recordings at : - 12.5 m (left) - 6.25m (middle) - surface (right)

8. Lofar / Persimmon (Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network) Partners: Delft University of Technology Free University of Amsterdam Utrecht University TNO-NITG KNMI NAM Shell MIT

9. Lofar / Persimmon (Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network) Delft University of Technology Seismic Interferometric Imaging

11. Cross-correlation

12. Cross-correlation result is equal to impulsive reflection response

13. Cross-correlation

14. Simplifying assumptions: Direct arrival at x A correlated with primary at x B Single diffractor Primaries only x A is the specular reflection point

18. 1500 m/s 2000 m/s

21. Cross-correlation > one virtual source Repeat for all receivers > many virtual sources Imaging

22. Applications Persimmon Basin analysis Global seismology Lunar seismology ?

23. Artist impression of reflection imaging of global seismology data

24. receiver array traveltime tomography Cross-correlation of transmission responses source array reflection imaging Artist impression of reflection imaging of global seismology data

25. Applications Persimmon Basin analysis Global seismology Lunar seismology ?

26. Here is a bit of background on the seismology of Moonquakes. The info comes from the book "EARTHQUAKES" by G.A. EIBY the retired superintendant of the New Zealand Seismological Observatory in Wellington city.

28. Three causes of lunar seismicity: Impacts Shallow: 0-60 km (crustal stresses) Deep : 600 – 900 km (tidal forces) Features: ‘High’ frequency (0.1 – 1.0 Hz) Small amplitudes (0.5 – 1.3 Richter) Low damping Long reverberations (~ 60 minutes)

29. VectorSeis ® Digital Sensor - No tilt limitations

30. Frequency Response Geophone & VectorSeis ® simultaneously shaken, table motion measured by Laser Vibrometer, Geophone and VectorSeis outputs normalized to Vibrometer -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 110100 Frequency (Hz) Amplitude Response in dB VectorSeis sensor maintains dynamic range at extreme low frequencies Laser Vibrometer Geophone VectorSeis

31. Applications Persimmon Basin analysis Global seismology Lunar seismology ?