1. Written Final Review

2. What are the parts of an experiment? Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Collection Conclusion Retest

3. Smither’s Juice Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks. Independent Variable ▫Special juice Dependent Variable ▫How many stacks are made Control Variable ▫No special juice given (normal group)

4. Larry’s Muscle Cream Larry was told that a certain muscle cream was the newest best thing on the market and claims to double a person’s muscle power when used as part of a muscle-building workout. Interested in this product, he buys the special muscle cream and recruits Patrick and SpongeBob to help him with an experiment. Larry develops a special marshmallow weight-lifting program for Patrick and SpongeBob. He meets them once every day for a period of two weeks and keeps track of their results. Before each session, Patrick’s arms and back are lathered in the muscle cream, while SpongeBob’s arms and back are lathered in regular lotion. Larry also lifts weights, but does not put any cream on his arms.

5. Larry’s Muscle Cream Initially Patrick lifted 18 pounds, SpongeBob lifted 5 pounds and Larry lifted 10 pounds. After week 1 Patrick lifted 24 pounds, SpongeBob 9 and Larry 14. After week 2 Patrick lifted 36 pounds, SpongeBob 11 and Larry 17. TimePatrickSpongeBobLarry Initial Amount18510 After Week 124914 After Week 2361117 Larry’s Muscle Cream Experiment Results Time Weight Lifted

6. Larry’s Muscle Cream What would Larry’s hypothesis be? ▫If I use the muscle cream, then I will be able to lift more weight because the cream muscle-building vitamins. Which person is in the control group? ▫Larry is the control. What is the independent variable? ▫The independent variable is the use of muscle cream. What is the dependent variable? ▫The dependent variable is the weight lifted. What should Larry’s conclusion be? ▫Larry’s hypothesis; If I use muscle cream, then I will be able to lift more weight, was not upheld. Patrick used the muscle cream and saw a 100% increase in muscle power, but Spongebob and Larry did not use muscle cream and saw a 120% and 70% increase in muscle power respectively. Therefore, the use of muscle cream and increased muscle power are not related.

7. Lisa and Rogooti  Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.  Set up an experiment to test this.  What would the independent variable be?  The use of rogooti.  What would the dependent variable be?  Amount of hair growth.  What would the control be?  The family members that do NOT get Rogooti

8. What is the purpose of a control? Thirty students wore a magnetic bracelet designed to make them more intelligent. They were all given a test, and they all got C’s- A’s. Most students reported that they felt smarter with the bracelet on. It works! ▫Right?  A control is used for comparison.  A control also helps validate experimental results.

9. Organisms in the Environment Apex predator ▫The top predator in an ecosystem. Abiotic ▫Non-living factors like sunlight or rocks. Biotic ▫Living factors like plants and animals. Trophic Levels ▫The level of feeding relationships in ecosystems. Energy Pyramids ▫A visual representation of the amount of energy available at each trophic level. Producer ▫An autotroph or plant that can produce its own food from inorganic (sunlight or chemical) substances. Herbivore ▫An organism that eats only plant material, like a giraffe. Carnivore ▫An organism that eats only meat, like a lion.

10. Population, Community, Ecosystem Population ▫A population is all the organisms of the same species living in the same place.  Like a population of grey mouse lemurs. Community ▫Different species all living together within an ecosystem.  Like the grey mouse lemur and crickets. Ecosystem ▫All the organisms living together within an ecosystem along with the abiotic factors (sunlight, temperature, etc.) that surround them.

11. Population Fluctuations A population will increase if there are more births than deaths. ▫A population will also increase if there are more organisms immigrating into it. A population will decrease if there are more deaths than births. ▫A population will also decrease if there are more organisms emmigrating out of it.

12. Energy Pyramids and Trophic Levels 100 kcal 10 kcal 1 kcal 90% of all energy is lost from one trophic level to the next, leaving only 10% to be passed up the food chain. Grass is a primary producer and the first trophic level The rabbit is an herbivore, a primary consumer, and the second trophic level. The hawk is a carnivore, a secondary consumer, and the third trophic level.

13. Widows Peak Some people have a widows peak (hair line that meets in a point at the forehead), where others have no widows peak. ▫A husband and wife both have a widows peak, but two of their children do not.  Is the widow’s peak a dominant or recessive allele? There are four scenarios for the parents genetics. ▫QQ x QQ  If this were the parents genetics, a widow’s peak would be dominant (because that’s what the parents display).  It would also mean that both children would have a widows peak because they could only inherit dominant genes. ▫qq x qq  If this were the parents genetics, a widows peak would be recessive (because that’s what the parents display).  It would also mean that both children would have a widows peak because they could only inherit recessive genes. ▫QQ x qq  In this possibility, only one parent would have a widow’s peak, because it would be either dominant (QQ) or recessive (qq). ▫Qq x Qq  If this were the parents genetics, their children could inherit QQ, Qq, or qq.  If the parents genetics are Qq, and they display a widows peak, then it is a dominant trait. ▫If their children inherit the qq alternative, they will have straight hairlines.

14. Widow’s Peak Both parents would have dominant genes for widows peak and any child they had would also have widows peaks. Q Possibility 1Possibility 2 Q Both parents would have the recessive genes for widows peak and any child they had would also have widows peaks. Each parent would display the dominant gene for a widows peak, but also have a recessive gene for a straight hairline. Their children would have a 25% chance of getting a straight hairline. Possibility 3 Qq Q Q QQ Q Q Q Q Q QQ Q q q qq q q q Q Q q q qq q q qq qq Q

15. Eye Color Brown eyes are dominant (B), blue eyes are recessive (b). Oliver is heterozygous for brown eyes and his wife Olivia is heterozygous for brown eyes. They have 4 children. Show the genotypes, genotypic ratios, phenotypes, and phenotypic ratios for this cross. Since Oliver and Olivia are both heterozygous for brown eyes, they will both have a Bb genotypes.

16. Eye Color The genotypes are BB, Bb, and bb. The genotypic ratio is 1(BB) : 2 (Bb) : 1 (bb) or 1:2:1 The phenotypes are brown eyes and blue eyes. The phenotypic ratio is 3 (brown) : 1 (blue) or 3:1 B B b b BB Bb Bb bb Oliver: Bb Olivia: Bb

17. Evidence for Evolution 3.Comparative Anatomy ▫Includes vestigial structures.  Structures that used to have a purpose, but no longer do.  Shows the evolutionary history of an organism. Body structures with similar origins, but used for different purposes are called homologous structures. Body structures without similar origins, but used for the same purpose are called analogous structures. Baleen Whales are born with pelvic bones, although they do not walk on land.

18. Evidence for Evolution 1. Fossils ▫Provide a look into the history of life on Earth. ▫Allow scientists to follow changes in the life history of organisms. 2.Radiometric Dating ▫Has an error rate of less than 10%. ▫Allow scientists to accurately date the age of fossils. Ichthyosaurs appeared about 250 mya and disappeared about 90 mya and grew to about 6.6-13 feet long! They resemble modern day dolphins.

19. Evidence for Evolution 4. Embryology ▫Embryos of many organisms resemble each other at certain stages of their development.  Shows common ancestry. 5. DNA and Protein Comparisons ▫The DNA of many organisms have similarities to each other.  The more alike two DNA and protein structures are, the more related two organisms are.  This points toward common ancestry. There is a dolphin, cat, and human baby in these pictures. Can you tell which is which?

20. Appendix Issues A teenage girl has her appendix removed during an operation. 24 hours later the girl begins to run a fever, which quickly rises. She has contracted an internal infection (caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus) during the surgery. Will she survive the infection?

21. Appendix Issues 1925 ▫The girl becomes delirious from fever; in a few days, she dies. No antibiotics invented.  In 1925, because there were no antibiotics to combat the bacteria, the young girl dies. Staphylococcus aureus is perfectly suited for living inside and infecting the human body due to natural selection.

22. Appendix Issues 1945 ▫The girl receives an injection of the antibiotic penicillin. Within 24 hours, her fever is reduced; she is released from the hospital and is on her way to recovery.  With the advent of penicillin, an antibiotic, doctors finally had a surefire way to combat Staphylococcus aureus. As a result, it was used on many cases of infection and saved many lives.

23. Appendix Issues 1965 ▫The girl receives an injection of the antibiotic penicillin, within 24 hours, the girl dies.  Because penicillin had been used since 1945, it put selective pressure on Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus naturally had variations within its population, along with randomly occurring mutations in its DNA, which had more resistance to penicillin. These versions of Staphylococcus aureus had higher fitness than older, more susceptible versions. Over time, those variations were selected for. As a result, penicillin became more and more useless in the face of a newly adapted, more resistant, strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

24. Bacteria vs. Viruses Bacteria reproduce through binary fission—a form of asexual reproduction. A virus reproduces by invading a host cell and taking over the cell causing it to make copies of the viral DNA/RNA. It destroys the host cell releasing new viruses.