1. Slides cover Meiosis and Mendelian/ Nonmendelian outlines

2. Interphase

3. . Propase Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Chromosome replication 2n = 6 Parent cell (before chromosome replication) Chromosome replication MITOSISMEIOSIS Chiasma (site of crossing over) MEIOSIS I Prophase I Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes Tetrads positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase I Chromosomes positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Homologues separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Daughter cells of meiosis I Haploid n = 3 Anaphase I Telophase I MEIOSIS II Daughter cells of mitosis 2n2n 2n2n n Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II n nn Daughter cells of meiosis II

4. TWO Divisions (easy version – meiosis)

5. (First Division)

6. (Second Division)

7. Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Primary spermatocyte (in prophase of meiosis I) Mitotic division, producing large numbers of spermatogonia Meiosis I completed Differentiation and onset of meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte Meiosis II Early spermatids Spermatids (at two stages of differentiation) Differentiation Sperm cells Neck Head Midpiece Tail Plasma membrane Mitochondria AcrosomeNucleus Sertoli cell nucleus Lumen of Seminiferous tubule Cross section of seminiferous tubule Testis Epididymis Seminiferous tubule

8. Oogenesis in the ovaries Primary germ cell in embryo Mitotic division Primary oocyte Ovary Oogonium Differentiation Oogonium in ovary Primary oocyte within follicle Growing follicle Secondary oocyte Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II Ovulation First polar body Mature follicle Entry of sperm triggers completion of meiosis II Second polar body Ovum Ruptured follicle Ovulated secondary oocyte Corpus luteum Degen- erating corpus luteum

9. Crossover in Prophase I

10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

11. Propase Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Chromosome replication 2n = 6 Parent cell (before chromosome replication) Chromosome replication MITOSISMEIOSIS Chiasma (site of crossing over) MEIOSIS I Prophase I Tetrad formed by synapsis of homologous chromosomes Tetrads positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase I Chromosomes positioned at the metaphase plate Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Homologues separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Daughter cells of meiosis I Haploid n = 3 Anaphase I Telophase I MEIOSIS II Daughter cells of mitosis 2n2n 2n2n n Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II n nn Daughter cells of meiosis II

12. Independent Assortment Key Maternal set of chromosomes Paternal set of chromosomes Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Combination 2 Combination 1 Combination 3 Combination 4 Daughter cells Metaphase II Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I

13. Locus (Gene locations on chromosomes)

14. Alleles for a gene

15. True breeds & Hybrids

16. Phenotype vs. Genotype Physical Trait vs. Gene allele type

17. Test Cross Dominant phenotype, unknown genotype: PP or Pp? If PP, then all offspring purple: pp P P Pp If Pp, then 1 2 offspring purple and 1 2 offspring white: pp P P pp Pp Recessive phenotype, known genotype: pp

18. Monohybrid

19. Dihybrid

20. Dihybrid – Normal 9:3:3:1 ratio

21. Law of Segregation - Anaphase

22. Independent Assortment Key Maternal set of chromosomes Paternal set of chromosomes Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Combination 2 Combination 1 Combination 3 Combination 4 Daughter cells Metaphase II Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I

23. Complete Dominance

24. Incomplete Dominance

25. Codominance (AB) & Multiple Alleles

26. Pleiotropy (Sickle Cell)

27. Epistasis Sperm BC bCBc bc BbCcBBCcBbCCBBCC BbCC bbCCBbCc bbCc BbccBBcc BbCcBBCc BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc BC bC Bc bc BbCc 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 9 16 3 4

28. Polygenic Inheritance & Norm of the Reaction aabbccAabbccAaBbccAaBbCcAABbCcAABBCcAABBCC AaBbCc 20 / 64 15 / 64 6 / 64 1 / 64 Fraction of progeny

29. Multifactorial example (Acid in soil changes the color)

30. . Wwww Ww wwWwww Ww WWww or Ww No widow’s peak Third generation (two sisters) Widow’s peak Second generation (parents plus aunts and uncles) First generation (grandparents) Dominant trait (widow’s peak)

31. . First generation (grandparents) Ff FF or Ffff Ff ff Ff Second generation (parents plus aunts and uncles) Third generation (two sisters) Attached earlobe Free earlobe ffFF or Ff Recessive trait (attached earlobe)

32. Genes on Chromosomes

33. Female (XX) Karyotype (Remember… “kary” means “nucleus”)

34. Autosomes and linked genes

35. Linkage Map based on Crossover frequency Recombination frequencies 9%9.5% 17% bcn vg Chromosome

36. Locus Gene Maps

37. Sex –Linked Female – TWO Xs

38. Sex-Linked Male – ONE X

39. One from EACH parent Sperm AND Egg

40. Pedigree of Color Blindness

41. Pedigree of Hemophila

42. Non-Disjunction

43. Trisomy 21

44. Chromosome Structure Errors

45. Extranuclear DNA (This DNA CAN can affect an organism)