1. Steel-making units Stages of steel-making: 1)fusion of smelting charge and bath heating; 2)bath "boil“; 3)deoxidizing.

2. The scheme of Martin furnace: 1 – regenerators, 2 – furnace head, 4 – charging holes, 5 – working space, 6 – mixture, 7 – torch, 9 – hearth, 10 – arch

3. Normal ingot making: а – top casting; b – uphill teeming; 1 – ladle; 2 – liquid steel; 3 – central gate; 4 – pipe lining; 5 – ingot; 6 – bottom plate; 7 – fused channel а b

4. Continuous casting of steel: a – scheme of the process; b – vertical continuous-casting machine ; c – radial continuous-casting machine c b a