1. Seedless Plants

2. Plant Evolution

3. Plant Evolution Nonvascular Seedless plants (Ordovician - 475 mya)
(Devonian mya)
Vascular Seed plants
(Carboniferous mya)
Flowering plants
(Cretaceous mya)

4. Plant Evolution (Common with Algae)
Multicellular and Eukaryotic
Cell walls made of Cellulose
Chlorophyll a and b
Store excess sugar as starch

5. Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
Apical Meristems
Multicellular Dependent Embryos
Alternation of Generation
Walled Spores produced in Sporangia
Other Adaptations
Cuticle, stomata, Xylem & Phloem, secondary compounds

6. Apical Meristems

7. Multicellular Dependent Embryos

8. Alternation of Generation

9. Walled Spores produced in Sporangia

10. Other Adaptations

11. Adaptations in Shallow Water Algae
Subjected to occasional drying
Protection of gametes and embryos in gametangia
Sporopollenin

13. Classification of Seedless Plants
Nonvascular Seedless plants
Bryophyta
Mosses
Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Anthocerophyta
Hornworts
Vascular Seedless plants
Lycophyta
Club mosses
Psilophyta
Whiskferns
Spenophyta
Horsetails
Pterophyta
Ferns

14. Nonvascular Seedless Plants
Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue)
no true leaves, roots, stems
Embryophytes
gametangia
(antheridium and archegonium)
sporangium (produces spores)

15. Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Two forms
leafy (80%)
thalloid (20%)

16. Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Reproduction
asexual (gemmae cups)
sexual

17. Anthocerophyta Hornworts Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes
Most closely related to higher plants

18. Bryophyta Mosses

19. Bryophyta Mosses

20. Vascular Seedless Plants
Formation of vascular tissue
Xylem (water)
Phloem (food)
True leaves, roots, and stems
Lignin
Sporophyte generation dominate
Sperm with flagella

21. Lycophyta Lycophytes true leaves microphylls true stems true roots
sporophylls
leaves that produce spores

22. Psilophyta
Whisk Ferns
no true leaves
no true roots

23. Sphenophyta Horsetails true leaves microphylls true stems silica
true roots

24. Division: Pterophyta

25. Division: Pterophyta

26. Fern Life Cycle