2. Chapter 22

3.  Society went through many changes as a result of the Industrial Revolution Began in mid-1700s  Led by Great Britain Resulted in changes in social roles and household norms Resulted in considerable changes in the economy.

4.  Population Explosion Average 5 million increase over 20 years  Most moved to towns or cities  Resulted in overcrowding, food shortages, and unhealthy living conditions  Crime rates also skyrocketed.

5.  The factory system and the family Initially families worked together in the home Factory Life  Mother and children- home  Father- factory  Could hire wife and children as assistants  Wages sometimes became higher and could send children to school  Women tended to work low skilled jobs – less pay  Women also were more willing to take low skilled jobs (and children)

6.  Child Labor English Act of 1833  Children under 9 could not work  9-13 year olds were limited to 9 hour days  Children given 2 hours of education paid by factory owner  Teens and adults worked 12 hours  Resulted later in shorter work days to have more family time Men become breadwinners and women makers

7.  Women Became more tied to the home  Usually after first child  Use to be more heavily tied to textile industry Unmarried women were favored over married  Includes widows  Would move to cities/towns and live in dormitories  Would work to try to save for their dowry

8.  Crime and Police Force Policed society is a result of change in society as a result of factory system  Idea to punish and reform criminals  Resulted in professional, paid, trained officers  Protect property/people, investigate crimes and arrest law breakers  Idea to be visible (not Gestapo style) to deter crime  Non-political  1 st police force- Paris and then London (1828)

9.  Prison Reforms Early prisons were dungeons or hulks (prison ships)  Men, women and children all in the same areas  Or New South Wales Australia Crime not an assault on on authority/society but a result of a character flaw.  Goal to rehabilitate  Ended up being repressive (initially)  Solitary to allow time to reflect  Modeled after US

10.  Prison reform continued… Auburn- solitary at night but together during day Philadelphia system- solitary Rehabilitation usually resulted in teaching of a trade France 1885- sent repeat offenders to Devil’s Island

11.  Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principle of Population  population will eventually exceed food supply  Raising wages would just increase number of children David Ricardo  Principles of Political Economy  Increase in pay = more children = more workers = lower wages = less children = less workers = higher wages

12.  Utopian Socialism Saint-Simonianism- management of wealth by experts would relieve poverty  Property and businesses also included Owenism- Put in correct surroundings to improve them  Humane living (dormitories for factory workers)  Reward for good work and free education for children

13.  Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) German Philosopher  Lived in Brussels and Paris while exiled Points out the despair of workers and the inevitable rebellion/revolution against capitalist More “scientific” than predecessors  Worked with Friedrich Engels (The Conditions of the Working Class in England) to write the Communist Manifesto  Fate of Proletariat= fate of humanity

14.  Marx cont. Influenced by French Socialism and Hegel (rational alone is real) Applied classical economics Due to inequalities and “abuse” by factory owners (class conflict) the Proletariat would rise up and rebel Marx’s View  Capitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leads

15. Marx’s View  Capitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leads to social upheaval- Social Upheaval leads to Socialism- And Socialism leads to Communism (AKA the Dark side)  After socialism sets in motion the cultural changes needed to instill the traits of communism.

16.  Marxism Resulted in Bolshevik Revolution (Soviet Union) 1917 Paris Commune 1871 (failed) Chinese Revolution 1926

17.  Factory system created numerous changes Political revolutions Social changes Increase in production