1. Nonrenewable Energy
Chapter 15

2. Core Case Study: How Long Will Supplies of Conventional Oil Last?
Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years.
The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months. (U.S.: 3 yrs.)
Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) would meet the world demand for 1-5 months. (U.S.: 7-24 months)

3. Core Case Study: How Long Will Supplies of Conventional Oil Last?
We have three options:
Look for more oil
Use or waste less oil
Use other energy sources

4. 15-1 What Major Sources of Energy Do We Use?
Concept 15-1A About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources.
Concept 15-1B Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amount of energy needed to make it available is subtracted.

5. Fossil Fuels Supply Most of Our Commercial Energy
SOURCE :
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Annual Energy Review 2009
About 82% of global commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels with the remainder coming from renewable sources.

6. Commercial Energy Use by Source for the World and the United States

7. Natural Capital: Important Nonrenewable Energy Resources

8. Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use
A Brief History of Human Energy Use – p
Muscle power: early humans
Discovery of fire
Agriculture
Use of wind and flowing water
Machines powered by wood, then coal
Internal combustion engine
Nuclear energy
Energy crisis

9. OIL / PETROLEUM

10. 15-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
Concept 15-2A Conventional oil is currently abundant, has a high net energy yield, and is relatively inexpensive, but using it causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Concept 15-2B Heavy oils from oil sand and oil shale exist in potentially large supplies but have low net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has.

11. We Depend Heavily on Oil
Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt.
Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit.

12. Science: Refining Crude Oil
An oil refinery uses distillation to separate crude oil into it’s components:
Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column.
The components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top.

13. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies
Twelve OPEC countries have 60% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

14. Rising Oil Prices Global oil production peaked around 2005
Sharp increases in oil prices could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.
Possible effects of steeply rising oil prices:
Higher food prices
Airfares higher
Reduce energy waste
Upgrade of public transportation
Smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles
Shift to non-carbon energy sources
Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals

15. The United States Uses Much More Oil Than It Produces
The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.4% of the world’s proven oil reserves.
The U.S. uses 24% of worldwide crude oil.
The U.S. imports 60% of the oil it uses.

16. Case Study: Oil and the U.S. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
Not open to oil and gas development
Fragile tundra biome
Decrease dependence on foreign oil??
“Drill baby, drill!”

17. Trade-Offs: Conventional Oil, Advantages and Disadvantages
Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO2 emissions.
About 60% of U.S oil imports go through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast.

18. Will Heavy Oil from Oil Sand or Shale Oil Be Viable Options?
Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and shale oil could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems.
High sulfur content
Extracting and processing produces toxic sludge
Uses and contaminates larges volumes of water
Requires large inputs of energy which reduces net energy
Canada has 75% of the world’s oil sand.
The Western U.S. has 72% of the world’s shale oil.

19. Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand

20. NATURAL GAS

21. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas?
Concept Conventional natural gas is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels.

22. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane (CH4), is often found above reservoirs of crude oil.
Coal beds, bubbles of methane trapped under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments, and landfills are unconventional sources of natural gas.

23. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
Russia, Iran, and Qatar have about 3/4 of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last years.

24. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
Produces electricity X 2
Fuel burning in a combustion chamber produces hot gases that pass directly through the turbine, which spins a generator to produce electricity. Then these hot gases are used to turn water to steam, which pushes a second turbine producing more electricity.

25. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
Natural gas is transported through dense networks of pipelines
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Pressurized tanks used in rural areas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Gas is cooled and pressurized in order to ship across the ocean

26. Trade-Offs: Conventional Natural Gas
Natural gas is versatile and cleaner-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere.
Some analysts see natural gas as the best fuel to help us make the transition to improved energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy.

27. COAL

28. 15-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal?
Concept 15-4A Conventional coal is very plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost, but it has a very high environmental impact.
Concept 15-4B Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal could be plentiful, but they have lower net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional coal has.

29. Coal Comes in Several Forms and Is Burned Mostly to Produce Electricity
Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived million years ago.
Burned in 2100 power plants, generates 40% of the world’s electricity (49% in the U.S.)
Inefficient process that burns coal to boil water which produces steam that turns a turbine

30. Stages in Coal Formation over Millions of Years

31. Science: Coal-Burning Power Plant

32. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years.
In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption
By 2025, China is expected to burn TWICE as much as the U.S.

33. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel
Environmental costs of burning coal:
Single biggest air polluter in coal-burning countries
CO2 – one-fourth of the annual global emissions
Sulfur released as SO2 (acid rain)
Large amount of soot
Mercury (Hg)
Radioactive materials
Environmentalists call for:
Taxation on CO2 production by power plants
Cleaner coal-burning plants

34. Trade-Offs: Coal, Advantages and Disadvantages
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO2 into the troposphere.

35. 15-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?
Concept Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very low accident risk, but high costs, a low net energy yield, long-lived radioactive wastes, vulnerability to sabotage, and the potential for spreading nuclear weapons technology have limited its use.