1. Figure 17.0 Ribosome

2. DNA and protein DNA codes for your traits So you are different from other people because your DNA is different DNA works by creating proteins So you are different from other people because your DNA makes different proteins

3. Protein Structure A protein is made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acids put together There are 20 different amino acids One protein is different from another because of the order of the amino acids

4. Amino Acids O O–O– H H3N+H3N+ C C O O–O– H CH 3 H3N+H3N+ C H C O O–O– C C O O–O– H H3N+H3N+ CH CH 3 CH 2 C H H3N+H3N+ CH 3 CH 2 CH C H H3N+H3N+ C CH 3 CH 2 C H3N+H3N+ H C O O–O– C H3N+H3N+ H C O O–O– NH H C O O–O– H3N+H3N+ C CH 2 H2CH2C H2NH2N C H C Nonpolar Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val)Leucine (Leu)Isoleucine (Ile) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) C O O–O– Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro) H3CH3C Figure 5.17 S O O–O–

6. Protein shape Placing amino acids in a certain sequence will cause a protein to have a different shape The shape of the protein affects its function

10. Shape and function If you change the shape of a protein it will not work in the same way You can change the shape of a protein by changing the order of the amino acids An example of this is with sickle cell anemia

11. Changing a protein’s shape affects its function Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin

12. Overview of protein synthesis 1 2 3 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Synthesis of protein NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM DNA mRNA Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide mRNA Figure 5.25

13. Figure 17.3 The triplet code

14. Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code

15. Paired Activity Create a polypeptide that is 8 amino acids long Choose any amino acids that you want, but must have a start and stop codon Begin by listing the 8 amino acids that you want Use arrow to show which bases you will need for mRNA Use arrows to show bases for DNA

16. Figure 17.5 A tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene

17. Elongation RNA polymerase Non-template strand of DNA RNA nucleotides 3 end C A E G C A A U T A G G T T A A C G U A T C A T CCA A T T G G 3 5 5 Newly made RNA Direction of transcription (“downstream) Template strand of DNA

18. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 1)

19. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 2)

20. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 3)

21. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 4)

22. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: elongation

23. Figure 17.12 Translation: the basic concept

24. The structure of tRNA Amino Acids attach here Matches with codon on mRNA

25. Figure 17.17 The initiation of translation

26. Figure 17.18 The elongation cycle of translation

27. Figure 17.19 The termination of translation

28. Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell

29. Mutations Are changes in the DNA Can only be passed on to offspring if they occur in a sex cell Point mutation is a where only one or a few bases are affected

30. Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation Normal

31. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair substitution

32. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair insertion or deletion

33. Mutations Are spontaneous and random Naturally happen Increase in mutations by things like radiation, smoking, etc…

34. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 1)

35. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 2)

36. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 3)

37. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 4)

38. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: elongation

39. Figure 17.8 RNA processing; addition of the 5 cap and poly(A) tail

40. Figure 17.9 RNA processing: RNA splicing

41. Figure 17.12 Translation: the basic concept

42. Figure 17.13b The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)

43. Figure 17.15 The anatomy of a functioning ribosome

44. Figure 17.17 The initiation of translation

45. Figure 17.18 The elongation cycle of translation

46. Figure 17.19 The termination of translation

47. Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell

48. Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation

49. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair substitution

50. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair insertion or deletion