1. Yuri Oganessian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions Joint Institute for Nuclear Research SHE in JINR 109 th Session of the JINR Scientific Council Feb.17-18, 2010, Dubna.

2. Synthesis of SHE with 48 Ca-induced reactions 10 years

3. Decay chains Decay chains 184 244 Pu, 248 Cm + 48 Ca Z=116 114 112 110 Talk at the Meeting of RAS, Nov.,2000 170 μs 0.7 ms 114 11s 0.5 min 2.5 s 0.06 s

4. A/ZSetupLaboratoryPublications 283 112SHIPGSI DarmstadtEur. Phys. A32, 251 (2007) 283 112COLDPSI-FLNR (JINR)NATURE 447, 72 (2007) 286, 287 114BGSLRNL (Berkeley)P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009) 288, 289 114 292, 293 116 TASCA SHIP GSI – Mainz GSI Darmstadt P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010) Eur. Phys. (to be published) Confirmations 2007-2010 Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

5. 2010 6 new superheavy elements 48 new isotopes Yu. Oganessian 2010 118 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 T 1/2 = 320d 249 Bk + 48 Ca 117 Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

6. 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 105110115120 Cold fusion 100 Total evaporation residues cross sections (pb) Atomic number Cross sections 48 Ca-induced reactions SHE factor ~300

7. Technical Achievements & Collaborations

8. “in flight” separation chemical separation 1985 GSI, Darmstadt, Germany * LBL, UC Berkeley, CA Univ. of Mainz, Germany LANL, Los Alamos, NM EIR, Würenlingen, Switzerland Search for Element 116 in 248 Cm + 48 Ca reaction 292 116 293 116 2000 FLNR, Dubna LLNL, Livermore, CA

9. The neutron-rich isotopes of the Actinides was produced at ORNL (USA) by irradiation: of Cm and Am targets in each campaine for approximately 250 days by thermal-neutron flux of 2.5  10 15 n/cm ² ·s in the HFIR (High Flux Isotope Reactor). TARGETS Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

10. Beam dose: 2.4·10 19 0.3% BEAMS

11. Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator From the characteristics of the DGFRS, it follows that with a 48 Са-beam dos e of 3∙10 17 realized for 1 day the observation of one decay event corresponds to the production cross section of about 10 pb. beam 48 Ca target DETECTORS

12. Decay Properties of SHE: expected & obtained

13. Alpha-decay

14. Trans-actinides Superheavy nuclei Spontaneous fission half-lives Actinides 48 Ca-induced reactions

15. With Z >40% larger than that of Bi, the heaviest stable element, we see an impressive extension in nuclear survival. Although SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability, shell stabilization lowers ground-state energy, creates a fission barrier, and thereby enables SHN to exist.. The fundamentals of the modern theory concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter have obtained experimental verification Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

16. Consequences

17. neutrons → protons → Nuclear structure and decay properties of the SHN Nuclear Physics Chemical properties of the SHE Chemistry Search for new shells Nuclear theory Search for SHE in Nature Astrophysics Electronic structure of SHE-atoms Atomic Physics Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

18. Decays & Spectroscopy of Super heavy Nuclei

19. 118 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 6 new superheavy elements 117 48 new isotopes Previously known nuclei from cold Fusion reactions It is questionable that “filling in empty spaces” would give us significant information about nuclear structure of SHE neutrons protons

20. σ xn ~ ( Γ n / Γ f ) x ; х – number of evaporated neutrons ( Γ n / Γ f ) ~ exp ( B f – B n ) / T B f = B f LD + ΔE Shell 0 Cross sections Hot fusion E x =45-50 MeV SHN

21. 118 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 117 Z=110-114 N=170-172 T SF = 0.001-10s Z=104-106 very neutron-rich nuclei N=162-166 T 1/2 = 10 4 -10 5 s Spontaneous fission of heavy and super heavy elements

22. Yield (rel. units) rel. units E. K. Hulet, et al., P.R. C40, 770 (1989) Q F = 268 MeV Z 1 ≈ Z 2 = 50-54 N 1 = N 2 = 82

23. Act. + 48 Ca N=162 “on line” “gas catcher” Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

24. beam 48 Ca target ε =0.5 mm·mrad ΔE=0.5 eV Experimental l technique FLNR / ANL

25. Superheavy Atoms Chemistry of the SHE

26. (point charge) Z max =1/ α=137 where α is fine-structure constant Heaviest atoms in QED SHE Hg (finite size) Z max ≈173

27. Z max r max - principal maximum of the wave function of the outermost orbital

28. chemical compound (Au·Hg) (Au·112 ) R. Eichler et al., Nature 447 (2007) 72 FLNR / PSI

29. Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna SHE ion charge exchange in the gas-target Beam of SHE with variable energy

30. Theoretical Models Nuclear forces Macro – Microscopic Model (MMM) Hartry – Fock – Bogolubov (HFB) Relativistic Mean Field (RMF)

31. MMM HFB + 48 Ca 251 Cf + 50 Ti Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

32. Strategy

33. Gain factors for production of Super-heavy nuclei Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna Current experiments 2.5pμA

34. Dear Yuri We have received authorization from DOE for production of Bk-249 for the upcoming experiments at Dubna and at GSI. Your letter and your trip to DOE were very helpful in securing approval. Thank you for your support. We anticipate that the material will be ready for shipment later this year in the December-January timeframe. A more detailed schedule will be forthcoming. We look forward to working with you on these exciting experiments. With best regards, Jim Feb.17, 2011, 1:59 AM. From ORNL, USA

35. Thank you

37. New basisType / parameters New multi-charge ion sources or its combinationsPIG-type / ECR-type New accelerator with high beam intensity and projectile energy ≤ 10 MeV·A 10-20 pμA of 48 Ca-ions (beam power ~5 kW) New experimental hall2500 m 2 New separation setups, fast transport systems and sophisticated detector arrays Thick target + Gas-Field Separator + Gas Catcher New production of 248 Cm, 249 Bk, 251 Cf. Development of the target technologies and constructions of new target station Programs for HIFR and RIAR (Dimitrovgrad) 2011 - 2017 Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

38. TaskThe state of things Completion of the synthesis of SHE Z= 113-117 (now Z=115-113) IUPAC approval and giving the names to SHE Upgrade of U-400 cyclotron2.0-2.5 pμA of 48 Ca and 50 Ti beams (ready / on demand) Gas-catcher transport system (collaboration with ANL and Cycl. Inst. of the Texas A&M University) transport time ≥ 5ms, transmission ≥ 50% (production began) Separation of 251 Cf and 247 Cm-isotopes. Target preparation New separator. (find solution: possibly new separator at ORNL) Synthesis of element Z=118reaction 251 Cf( 48 Ca,3-4n) 296,295 118 Synthesis of element Z=120 New detectors: X-rays and γ-rays to study of SHE and fast detector for synthesis Z=118, 120 as well as charge particles to study α-decay & SF reaction 251 Cf+ 50 Ti, (production of 50 Ti-beam at U400 cyclotron) Under construction in ORNL and JINR 2011 - 2016

39. P. Moller et al., Phys. Rev., C79, 064304 (2009) spherical deformed ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Z=117 Z=112 ▼ ▼ ▼ ~8pb ≤0.6pb Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

40. more and more inert? Periodic Table of Elements Yu. Oganessian. Colloquium at MIT, Feb.10, 2011

41. 243 Am, 249 Bk 237 Np, From reactions: 48 Ca + N=162 164 166 Z=104SF

42. M. Bender et al., PRC60 & PLB515 251 Cf + 48 Ca → 296 (118) +3n → Z=114 / N=184 114 120 114 120 251 Cf + 50 Ti → 298 (120) +3n → Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

43. Oganessian, ENAM (2008) Neutron number 100110 120 130140 150 160 170 180 190 120 110 100 90 80 70 Proton number Island of Stability Stability Shoal Peninsula Continent Sea of Instability 1µs 1s1h 1y 1My Opportunities for future research New targets New beams New elements New isotopes Higher neutron numbers New physics New chemistry