1. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 1 The CIDOC CRM, a Conceptual Model for Cultural Documentation Martin Doerr Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Institute of Computer Science Heraklion, April 26, 2001 Center for Cultural Informatics

2. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 2 The CIDOC CRM Scope  Aspects of cultural information:  Collection description (art, archeology, natural history….)  Archives and literature (records, treaties, letters, artful works..)  Administration, preservation, conservation of material heritage  Science and scholarship – investigation, interpretation  Presentation – exhibition making, teaching, publication

3. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 System disciplines viewpoints Precision/ detail Technical complexity Conceptual framework Activities Communication Research Collection Management Info - Objects Current cultural priorities how talks about maps serves in order to The CIDOC CRM Scope

4. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 4 The CIDOC CRM Historical Archives…. Type:Text Title: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945. Creator:The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of America Publisher:State Department Subject:Postwar division of Europe and Japan “ The following declaration has been approved: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “ Documents Metadata About…

5. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 5 The CIDOC CRM Images, non-verbose… Type:Image Title: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945 Publisher:United Press International (UPI) Source:The Bettmann Archive Copyright:Corbis References:Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons Metadata About…

6. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 6 The CIDOC CRM Places and Objects TGN Id: 7012124 Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C) Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 E Hierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic) Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; …. Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names Places, Objects About… Title: Yalta, Crimean Peninsula Publisher: Kurgan-Lisnet Source: Liaison Agency

7. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 7 The CIDOC CRM Explicit Events, Object Identity, Symmetry carried out participated in has created E31 Document “Yalta Agreement” E7 Activity “Crimea Conference” E65 Creation * E38 Image falls within took place at refers to E52 Time-Span February 1945 at least covering at most within E39 Actor E53 Place 7012124 E52 Time-Span 11-2-1945

8. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 8 The CIDOC CRM The Role of the CRM Legacy systems Legacy systems Data bases World Phenomena ? Data structures & Presentation models Conceptualization abstracts from approximates explains, motivates organize refer to Data in various forms

9. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 9 The CIDOC CRM Metaschema of the CIDOC CRM participate in Actors Types Conceptual Objects Physical Entities Temporal Entities Appellations affect or / refer to refer to / refine refer to / identifie location at within Places Time-Spans

10. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 10 The CIDOC CRM The Temporal Entity Hierarchy

11. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 11 The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity  Temporal Entity  This is an abstract entity and has no examples. It groups together things such as events, states and other phenomena which are limited in time. It is specialized into Period, which holds on some geographic area, and Condition State, which holds for, on, or over a certain object. — consists of related or similar phenomena, — Is limited in time, is the only link to time, but not time itself — spreads out over a place or object (physical or not). — the core of a model of physical history, open for unlimited specialisation.

12. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 12 The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Subclasses  Period  binds together related phenomena  introduces inclusion topologies - parts etc.  Is confined in space and time  the basic unit for temporal-spatial reasoning  Event  looks at the input and the outcome  the basic unit for causal reasoning  each event is a period if we study the process  Activity  brings the people in  adds purpose

13. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 13 The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Main Properties  Temporal Entity  Properties: has time-span (is time-span of): Time-Span  Period  Properties: consists of (forms part of): Period falls within (contains): Period took place at (witnessed): Place  Event  Properties: had participants (participated in): Actor occurred in the presence of (was present at): Stuff  Activity  Properties: carried out by (performed): Actor had specific purpose (was purpose of): Activity had as general purpose (was purpose of): Type was intended use of (was made for): Man-Made Object

14. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 14 Metadata and the CIDOC CRM Instantiation sample of the CIDOC CRM

15. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 15 The CIDOC CRM Place  Place  A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically wrt a larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents - by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to.  A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…”  A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference systems.  Examples: figures from the bow of a ship, African dinosaur foot- prints in Portugal ( to which degree are “fiat objects” places?)

16. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 16 The CIDOC CRM Place - Main Properties  Place  names identify non-uniquely places - TGN-like reasoning  places form 2, even 3-dimensional topologies.  Properties: is identified by (identifies): Appellation consists of (forms part of): Place falls within (contains): Place

17. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 17 The CIDOC CRM Time-Span - Main Properties  Time-Span :  determined by specific dates, expressions, “the time when…”  intervals: distinguish uncertainty from duration: Processes have characteristic durations, our interest has a certain scale. A suitable “time-primitive” should support temporal reasoning. (Allen’s logic is not for uncertainty !)  forms one-dimensional topologies.  Properties: is identified by (identifies): Time-Appellation at least covering: Time Primitive at most within: Time Primitive consists of (forms part of): Time-Span falls within (contains): Time-Span

18. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 18 time after at most within at least covering before “ intensity ” The CIDOC CRM Time Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration duration

19. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 19 0,n 1,1 0,n 1,n Activity Type Event CIDOC Entity String has notes CIDOC Notion has type is type of The CIDOC CRM Activities

20. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 20 0,n Measurement Attribute Assignment Physical Entity Dimension value unit has dimension (is dimension of) was measured (measured) observed dimension (was observed) The CIDOC CRM Activities: Measurement

21. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 21 0,n 1,1 0,n Activity Condition Assessment Physical Entity Condition State has conditions (condition of) assessed by (concerns) has identified (identified by) Actor carried out by (performed) in the role of Temporal Entity The CIDOC CRM Activities: Condition Assessment

22. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 22 0,n Activity Acquisition Actor Physical Object is current owner of (has current owner) is former or current owner of (has former or current owner) acquires title of (transferred title to) transferred title of (changed ownership by) surrenders title of (transferred title from) The CIDOC CRM Activities: Acquisition

23. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 23 The CIDOC CRM Activities: Move

24. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 24 0,n Activity Modification Physical Entity has produced (was produced by) Actor carried out by (performed) in the role of Type used general technique (was technique of) Man-Made Entity Design or Procedure used specific technique (was used by) Material consists of (is incorporated in) usually employs (is usually employed by) The CIDOC CRM Activities: Modification/Production

25. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 25 The CIDOC CRM Entity 11: Modification Properties: is called (identifies): Period Appellation has type (is type of): Type had participants (participated in): Actor carried out by (performed): Actor (in the role of : Type) has produced (was produced by): Physical Man-Made Stuff took into account (was taken into account by): Conceptual Object occurred in the presence of (was present at): Stuff used object (was used for): Physical Object (mode of use: String) used general technique (was technique of): Type used specific technique (was used by): Design or Procedure was motivation for (motivated): Conceptual Object motivated the creation of (was created for): Conceptual Object was intended use of (was made for): Man-Made Object (mode of use: String) had specific purpose (was purpose of): Activity had as general purpose (was purpose of): Type declared properties inherited properties declared properties

26. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 26 The CIDOC CRM Some Major Ideas  Fundamental categories:  Temporal Entity, “Stuff”, Actors, Place, Date, Appellation, Types  Event-centric:  Actors, Stuff, Place and Date connect ONLY through Temporal Entities (events and states).  Date is subordinate to event relations, auxiliary.  Reasoning on world names:  Naming activities as historical facts  Unlimited decomposition:  Any Date, Place, Period, Object may subdivide into parts  Extensibility:  Creation of subclasses, subproperties, indirection of properties

27. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 27 The CIDOC CRM Conclusions  The CIDOC Model is the first international data standard for the cultural area  It is a rich intellectual framework for the analysis of cultural contents (physical world)  It is a powerful component for implementation of information systems  Its extensibility should give it a long validity.

28. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 28 Applications: The CIMI-Harmony test  Transformation of 4 cultural sources into one common representation  Two models: CRM and ABC-Harmony in XML  200 Relational records from National Museum of Denmark  transformation of sources “1-1” into XML  transformation of “1-1” into CRM compatible form  creation of a simple CRM compatible DTD to transport correct instances. Therefore — CRM properties mapped as elements. — CRM Entities mapped as data : E& Activity  Well readable with simple style-sheet

29. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 29 Applications: The Spectrum DTD  Attempt by MDA to create a general DTD for museum documentation  Try to satisfy data entry, genericity and presentation  Based on CRM: mapped entities as elements, properties ignored  Draft stage, still under development.

30. ICS-FORTH April 26, 2001 30 Applications: The FORTH-GNM Project  Management of documentation for 15 museum departments, 1.5 million objects.  Each department a different XML DTD  Global consistency control on: accession numbers, inventory number.  Authority control on: Object types, persons, periods, places.  Control enforced by underlying data base.  Other queries by contents and tags.