1. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

2. combine through CHEMICAL BONDS ATOMS such as IONIC and COVALENT forming COMPOUNDS without CARBON are INORGANIC with CARBON are ORGANIC such as: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Classes of macromolecules: Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

4. found in cell walls of plants, external skeletons of insects provide quick energy. contain the elements C, H and O; they dissolve in water and are thus polar. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

5. include simple single sugars called monosaccharides, like glucose; disaccharides like fructose and long chains of many sub-units (monomers) that are called polysaccharides. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

8. made of the elements C, H and O: they do not readily dissolve in water and are thus non-polar. found as fats, waxes and oils Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

9. make up most of cell membranes, provide long-term energy storage and are useful ‘chemical messengers’ (hormones) such as cholesterol and testosterone. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

10. often made of monomers called fatty acids, which in turn are often bonded in groups of three to a glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride. glycerol 3 fatty acids Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

11. If the carbons in the chain are only surrounded by single bonds, we say they are saturated, since they are bound to as many hydrogens as possible! Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

12. If, on the other hand, more than one carbon has a double bond, we say that they are unsaturated. Saturated fats (like butter) tend to pack more efficiently and are thus solid at room temperature, whereas unsaturated fats (like vegetable oils) tend to be liquid. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

13. are based on the elements C, H, O and N. are formed from sub-units (monomers) called amino acids. are often very large and come in an almost unlimited number of different shapes, which allow proteins to have many different functions. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

14. There are at least twenty used by all living things consist of an amine (NH 2 ) group, a carboxylic acid (COOH) group, and a variable ‘R’ group amine group carboxylic acid group variable ‘R’ group Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

15. amine group carboxylic acid group variable ‘R’ group Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

16. are put together in a sequence, and it is the order of these amino acids that determines the shape of the folded chain. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

17. composed of the elements C, H, O and N store information in the nucleus made of sub-units (monomers) called nucleotides include DNA and RNA Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

20. are divided into two groups: catabolism and anabolism catabolic reactions break down macromolecules into their smaller component parts, releasing energy and maintaining a pool of ‘building blocks’ ( monomers ), for... Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

21. ... anabolic reactions, which use the energy and the monomers to construct new macromolecules the sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

22. the sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

24. catabolism anabolism

25. The sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM. The sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

26. Energy is STORED in a chemical bond formed by the removal of water Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview

30. Energy is RELEASED when the addition of water breaks a chemical bond Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overviewv