1. Remediation of Contaminated Land Introduction Engineering Methods Biological methods Physical/ Chemical/ Thermal

2. Contaminated Land Remediation References http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/p.j.sallis/ USER/PASSWORD = cassie Policy and Legal –Converging Policy Approaches to Contaminated land - Paul Steadman (see copy at http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/p.j.sallis/teach.html) –http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/gwcl/LC_Policy.htm –Contaminated Land - Tom Graham –Contaminated Land - Stephen Tromans & R Turrall-Clarke Remediation –Reclamation of contaminated land Paul C Nathanail (2004) –Selection of remedial treatments for Contaminated Land D Rudland (2004) –Geoenvironmental Engineering H Sharma & KR Reddy (2004) –Natural & enhanced remediation systems S Suthersan (2002) –Remedial processes for contaminated land D Evans (2001) –Remediation engineering of contaminated soils Donald L. Wise (2000) –Contaminated Land - Tom Cairney (1998) –Full Scale Treatment Technologies for the Remediation of Contaminated Land - Ian Martin & Paul Bardos 628.55 MAR –Several Publications by Robert E. Hinchee –US EPA site http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section1/toc.html#Sec4

3. Remediation Strategy Conceptual model and the “Pollutant Linkage” Source –permanent reduction of risks –numerous technical approaches Pathway –risks managed in short to medium term –several different engineering approaches Target –not usually applicable or practicable

4. Remediation Technologies non-technical high technology Soil Disposal Off-Site –Excavation, Landfill Containment –Capping, Barriers Restructuring –Redistribution and Dilution of Material Contaminant Stabilisation, Removal and Destruction –Numerous Biological, Physical, Chemical, Thermal Methods Relatively low cost, and simple. Considerable experience. Expensive, complex, Emerging Technologies

5. Remediation Technologies In-Situ Treatment without physically removing the soil –Advantage - less disturbance, emissions, buildings, buried services –Disadvantage - out of sight, monitoring, heterogeneity of contamination, soil structure (occluded clay lenses), mass transfer limitations, toxic hot-spots. Ex-Situ Treatment after physical removal of soil –Advantage - Mixing distributes contaminants, mass transfer, process control, treat graded fractions, representative sampling, improved rate, protects groundwater. –Disadvantage - more work, space requirement, emissions, avoid buried services, aesthetic appearance

6. Remediation Technologies Intensive Process –Aim to achieve a rapid rate of remediation –uses complex equipment –consume considerable resources power, reactants, labour, monitoring –Generally detrimental to soil structure –Examples - Soil Washing, Solidification & Stabilisation, Incineration Extensive Process –Slower to Work –Low capital and Maintenance Costs –Soil Structure retained (Improved) –Examples - Phytoremediation, Bioremediation