1. Generics CompSci 230 S2 2015 Software Construction

2. Agenda & Reading  Topics:  Introduction  Fundamentals of generic types  Generics & Subtyping  Type wildcards  Reading  The Java Tutorial:  Generics Generics 092

3. What Are Generics?  Generics abstract over Types  Classes, Interfaces and Methods can be Parameterized by Types  Generics provide increased readability and type safety 093

4. Example: Item BookMovieCD Priced > Shirt public class Item { protected String title; public Item(String title) { this.title = title; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public class Book extends Item { private String author; public Book(String title, String author) { super(title); this.author = author; }... public String toString() { return "Book: '" +... } public class Movie extends Item { private int year; public Movie(String title, int year) { super(title); this.year = year; }... public String toString() { return... } public class CD extends Item implements Priced { private double price;... public doublegetPrice() {...} } public interface Priced { public double getPrice(); } 094

5. Interface java.util.List  Java’s original specification for list data structures  (non-generic – Java 1.4)  This interface defines a contract for each of the operations of a list, i.e.  What it takes in  What it returns  What the state of the list should be afterwards  Individual implementations should fulfil the contract – in whatever way they see fit public interface List { public boolean add(Object o); public boolean add(int i, Object); public Object remove(int i); public Object remove(Object o); public Object get(int i); public int indexOf(Object o); public boolean contains(Object o); public int size(); public Iterator iterator(); //plus others } 095

6. Why generics?  Type Safety!  Array:  We must say what’s in the array  ArrayList:  But anything could go in the ArrayList;  We can pass in Movie, Book and CD instances as arguments to add( ) as its formal argument type is Object  However because get( )’s return type is Object, we need to downcast the result to the appropriate subclass Person[] people = new Person[25]; people[0] = "Sally"; // syntax error ArrayList people = new ArrayList(); people.add("Sally"); List items = new ArrayList(); items.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); items.add(new Book("LOTR","Toklien")); for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) { Item item = (Item)items.get(i); System.out.println(i+": "+item.getTitle()); } 096

7. List of Items  We want items to store only objects of type Item (or its subclasses)  What happens if it doesn't?  What exactly would happen?  Will this compile?  Will it run? items.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); items.add("Terminator"); for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) { Item item = (Item)items.get(i); System.out.println(i+": "+item.getTitle()); } Runtime error Example: TestsApp 097

8. Compile-time vs. Runtime errors  Moral of the story: we can’t rely on the compiler to detect/predict all errors (although we’d like to)  What compilers can detect:  Syntactic/”obvious” errors, e.g: accessing an undeclared variable; calling an undefined method; mismatching braces/brackets; assigning a value to a variable of incompatible type  What compilers can't:  Logical errors, unexpected behaviours only observable at runtime e.g. accessing a null field, bogus user input, nondeterministic code  Most lead to exceptions being thrown like NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, NumberFormatException, ClassCastException 098

9. What can we do instead?  Create a specialised List for Item? NO!  Repetitive  Inefficient  Hardly scalable public class ItemList { private List items; public ItemList() { items = new ArrayList(); }... } public class StringList { private List items; public StringList () { items = new ArrayList(); } public void add(String s) { items.add(s); }... } public class IntList { private List items; public IntList() { items = new ArrayList(); } public void add(Integer i) { items.add(i); }... } 099

10. Answer: Generics!  With generics, we can make List a generic type  By parameterising List with the type Item we are guaranteed that any instance of this special List would only contain objects of type T (or its subclasses) 0910

11. Example:  Instead of saying: List words = new ArrayList();  You'll have to say:  Replaces runtime type checks with compile-time checks  No casting; instead of String title = (String) words.get(i); you use  Some classes and interfaces that have been “genericized” are: Vector, ArrayList, LinkedList, Hashtable, HashMap, Stack, Queue … List words = new ArrayList (); String title = words.get(i); 0911

12. More Examples  The letter E as the type parameter for elements in generic collections  Examples: ArrayList words = new ArrayList (); ArrayList nums = new ArrayList (); ArrayList words = new ArrayList (); list1.add(new String("HA")); list1.add(new String("HE"));; String s1 = list1.get(0); String s2 = list1.get(1); System.out.println(s1 + " " + s2); ArrayList nums = new ArrayList (); nums.add(new Integer(4)); nums.add(new Integer(5)); Integer i1 = nums.get(0); Integer i2 = nums.get(1); 0912

13. for-each loop  The for-each loop is used to access each successive value in a collection of values.  Syntax:  Example: ArrayList words = new ArrayList ();... for (String str : words) { System.out.println(str); } for (Base_Type var :Collection_Object) Statement; 0913

14. Generics and type safety  Good news: the compiler can help us prevent type errors  The compiler enforces the parameterised type List to only accept and return instances of Item (or its subclasses) List genericsItems = new ArrayList (); genericsItems.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); genericsItems.add("Terminator"); List genericsItems = new ArrayList (); genericsItems.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); genericsItems.add(new Book("LOTR","Tolkien")); genericsItems.add(new CD("Ozomatli",2.50)); for (int i = 0; i < genericsItems.size(); i++) { Item item = genericsItems.get(i); System.out.println(i+": "+item.getTitle()); } COMPILE-TIME ERROR Example: TestGenericsApp 0914

15. Generics Vs No Generics public class Arraylist { private E[] elementData;... //stuff public boolean add(E o) { elementData[size++] = o; return true; } public E get(int i) { return elementData[i]; } public class ArrayList { private Object[] elementData;... //stuff public boolean add(Object o) { elementData[size++] = o; return true; } public Object get(int i) { return elementData[i]; } ‘Generic type’ ‘Non-generic type’ ArrayList items = new ArrayList (); ‘Type argument’ ‘Parameterised type’ ‘Type parameter’ /‘Type variable’ 0915

16. Example: Comparable + Generics  Comparable Interface: java.lang.Comparable  int compareTo() returns an integer result:  Returns negative if the object it is applied to is less than the argument  Returns zero if the object it is applied to is equal to the argument  Returns positive if the object it is applied to is greater than the argument public interface Comparable { public int compareTo(Object obj); } public class Person implements Comparable { protected String irdNumber;... public int compareTo(Object obj) { if (!(obj instanceof Person)) { throw new ClassCastException("Not a Person"); } Person p = (Person) obj; return irdNumber.compareTo(p.getIRD()); } without Generics public class Person implements Comparable protected String irdNumber;... public int compareTo(Person p) { return irdNumber.compareTo(p.getIRD()); } with Generics 0916

17. Generics & Subtyping  Is a List of String a List of Object?  Is a List of Movie a List of Item?  If this is allowed, then we can  add items to the list of Movie by accessing genericsItems  attempt to assign an Item to a Movie object!!! List ls = new ArrayList (); ls.add("Hello");... List lo = ls; List lm = new ArrayList (); lm.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960));... genericsItems = lm; COMPILE-TIME ERROR genericsItems.add(new Item("Sample")); Movie m1 = lm.get(0); ERROR 0917

18. Generics & Subtyping  So  Movie is a subtype of Item, and G is some generic type declaration  It is not the case that G is a subtype of G  But  We normally think that a List is a List assuming that Drive is a subtype of Person.  We will need to look at Wildcards! 0918

19. Type wildcards  Here’s a simple (no generics) method to print out any list (without generics):  The above still works in Java 1.5, but now it generates warning messages  Next, here is an attempt using Generics  But it only takes a list of Object, but it is not a supertype of all kinds of lists. public static void printCollection(List c) { for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) { System.out.println(i.next()); } public static void printCollection(List c) { for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) { System.out.println(i.next()); } uses unchecked or unsafe operations. Note: Recompile with - Xlint:unchecked for details. List mylist = new ArrayList(); … printCollection(mylist); List mylist = new ArrayList (); printCollection(mylist); //ERROR 0919

20. Type wildcards  You should eliminate all errors and warnings in your final code, so you need to tell Java that any type is acceptable:  (i.e. any type) signifies an unbounded wildcard. (pronounced “list of unknown”)  a list whose element type matches anything = called wildcard type public static void printCollection(List c) { for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) { System.out.println(i.next()); } List movieList = new ArrayList (); movieList.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); printCollection(movieList); List myStrlist = new ArrayList (); myStrlist.add("Hello"); printCollection(myStrlist); 0920

21. for-each statement  for( type var : array) {...} or for( type var : collection ) {...}  Example: public static void printCollection(List c) { for (Object e: c) { System.out.println(e); } List movieList = new ArrayList (); movieList.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); printCollection(movieList); List myStrlist = new ArrayList (); myStrlist.add("Hello"); printCollection(myStrlist); 0921

22. Subtyping in generics  Consider the following method:  The type rules say that the above method can only be called on lists of exactly Item:  It cannot, for instance, be called on a List  But, how to accept a list of any kind of item (e.g. List, List ) Item Movie public static void printItemCollection(List il) { for (Item i: il) { System.out.println(i.getTitle()); } public static void printItemCollection(List il) { for (Item i: il) { System.out.println(i.getTitle()); } 0922

23. Bounded Wildcards  (i.e. any subclass of T, including T itself) signifies a bounded wildcard  (i.e. any type) signifies an unbounded wildcard  Note: is equivalent to  => Item is the upper bound of the wildcard  Note that since wildcards denote unknown types, there are limitations on how a wildcard variable can be used  It is now illegal to write into the list in the body of the method  Such limitations are compiler enforced  It is an unknown subtype of Item. Since we don’t know what type it is, we don’t know if it is a supertype of Movie; it might or might not be such a supertype, so it isn’t safe to pass a Movie there. public static void printItemCollection(List il) { il.add(new Movie("Psycho",1960)); } COMPILE-TIME ERROR 0923