2. The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter

3. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

4. Nerves A system of cells in the body Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement Sends messages from the senses to the brain

5. Neuron A nerve cell Cells in the brain and body that: –Receive information –Carry the information to the next neuron

6. Parts of the Neuron

7. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body

8. Parts of the Neuron - Soma Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy

9. Parts of the Neuron - Axon Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent

10. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath

11. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

12. How Neurons Communicate: Communication Between Neurons Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

13. Action Potential The electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron

15. Synapse A small space between two neurons. It is full of liquid.

16. Neurotransmitter A chemical that sends a signal from one neuron to another neuron

17. Neurotransmitters

20. Journal Writing Thinking about how neurons and neurotransmitters work, write about these questions: --How does pain medicine work? --How does alcohol make people feel happy?

21. Neurotransmitters

22. Drugs help us by: 1.Starting good signals in neurons OR 2. Stopping bad signals from neurons

23. Various effects of drugs on synapses: DRUG ACTIONEFFECT Act like a neurotransmitterStart action potential Tell a terminal to send a neurotransmitter Start action potential Tell a dendrite to receive more neurotransmitters Start action potential Close the holes in dendritesStop action potential Stop electrical movement in the axons

24. Methamphetamine alters Dopamine movement in two ways: 1. Tells terminals to send dopamine neurotransmitters 2. Makes dendrites take in more dopamine neurotransmitters NIH Publication No. 00-4871 seattlepi.nwsource.com/ methamphetamines/

25. Problems…… 1.After the drug wears off, there are no more dopamine neurotransmitters. The user cannot feel good until they take more Methamphetamine 2.Long-term use of methamphetamine causes dopamine axons to wither and die. 4.To see an animation on cocaine and brain synapses, click here.here

26. A Neural Chain

31. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Impulse Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

32. Action Potential

33. Refractory Period The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

34. Refractory Period

35. Resting Potential The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential The neuron is set and ready to fire

36. All-or-None Principle The principle stating that if a neuron fires it always fires at the same intensity All action potentials are of the same strength. A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

37. Excitatory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire” The second neuron is more likely to fire.

38. Inhibitory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire” The second neuron is less likely to fire.

39. How Neurons Communicate: The Neural Chain Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

40. Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

41. Sensory Nerves Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain. Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

42. Interneurons Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information Related to sensory input and motor output

43. Motor Nerves Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

44. The Structure of the Nervous System Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

45. The Nervous System

46. Central Nervous System (CNS) The brain and spinal cord The brain is the location of most information processing. The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

47. Divisions of the Nervous System

48. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body Peripheral means “outer region” The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

49. Divisions of the Nervous System

50. Somatic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

51. Divisions of the Nervous System

52. Autonomic Nervous System The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Sub-divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

53. Divisions of the Nervous System

54. Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats Fight or flight response

55. Divisions of the Nervous System

56. Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

57. Divisions of the Nervous System

58. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

65. The Endocrine System Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

66. Endocrine System One of the body’s two communication systems A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood

67. Hormone Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

68. Pituitary Gland The endocrine system’s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands Called the “master gland” Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus

69. Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland

70. Thyroid Gland Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body Located in the neck

71. Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland

72. Adrenal Gland Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress Located just above the kidneys Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

73. Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland

74. Pancreatic Gland Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

75. Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland

76. Sex Glands Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development. Testosterone – primary males hormone Estrogen – primary female hormone Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.

77. Endocrine System – Sex Glands

78. The End

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