1. Neurophysiology

2. Regions of the Brain and Spinal Cord White matter – dense collections of myelinated fibers Gray matter – mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers

3. Neuron Classification Structural: – Multipolar — three or more processes (99%) – Bipolar — two processes (axon and dendrite) (eye and olfactory) – Unipolar — single, short process – ganglia in PNS as sensory

4. PLAY InterActive Physiology ®: Nervous System I: Membrane Potential Resting Membrane Potential (V r ) potential difference (–70 mV) across the membrane of a resting neuron generated by different concentrations of Na +, K +, Cl , and protein anions (A  ) Ionic differences are the consequence of: – Differential permeability of the neurilemma to Na + and K + – Operation of the sodium-potassium pump

5. Resting Membrane Potential Figure 11.7

6. Resting Membrane Potential (V r ) Figure 11.8

7. Changes in Membrane Potential – Depolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes less negative – Repolarization – the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential – Hyperpolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential

8. Graded Potentials Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential Decrease in intensity with distance Magnitude varies directly with the strength of the stimulus Sufficiently strong graded potentials can initiate action potentials

9. Action Potentials (APs) brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV only generated by muscle cells and neurons Do not decrease in strength over distance principal means of neural communication action potential in the axon of a neuron is a nerve impulse

10. Absolute Refractory Period The absolute refractory period: – Prevents the neuron from generating an action potential – Ensures that each action potential is separate – Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses

11. Saltatory Conduction only at the nodes of Ranvier Voltage-gated Na + channels are concentrated at these nodes Action potentials jump from one node to the next Much faster than conduction along unmyelinated axons

12. Saltatory Conduction Figure 11.16