1. Chapter 3 The Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 7

3. The Neuron 0 Video 0 A nerve cell 0 Neurons transmit electrical and chemical information throughout the body. 0 The basic building block of the nervous system.

5. Parts of a Neuron 0 Dendrite: part that receives information from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body. 0 Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy. 0 Axon: Part that carries messages away from the cell to the dendrites of another neuron.

6. The Neural Impulse 0 Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where neurotransmitters are stored. 0 Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron 0 Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential 0 Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential. 0 All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity.

7. Communication Between Neurons 0 Video 0 Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. 0 Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential. 0 Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message. 0 Pain 0 Movement 0 Pleasure 0 Impulses go about 120 yards a second 0 We know of 60 differed transmitters

9. Types of Neurotransmitters 0 Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that regulates basic bodily processes such as movement. 0 Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the control of bodily movements 0 Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve pain and increase our sense of well-being. 0 Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

10. Neurotransmitters Effects 0 Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse). 0 Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will generate an action potential.

11. The Neural Chain 0 Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process. 0 Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. 0 Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output. 0 Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.

13. The Central and Peripheral Nervous System video

15. The Central Nervous System 0 The brain and spinal cord. 0 Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as an automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay station for impulses to and from the higher brain. 0 Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving movement that is activated through the spinal cord with out use of the higher brain. 0 The spinal cord can work on its own the brain cannot.

16. The Peripheral Nervous System All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

17. The Somatic Nervous System 0 A division of the peripheral nervous system containing sensory and motor nerves. 0 Sensory: relay information to the brain. 0 Motor: get instructions from the brain and spinal cord and put muscles to work. 0 Whenever we voluntarily move in some way the somatic system is involved.

18. Autonomic Nervous System 0 The automatic control system of the body. 0 Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion, and so on. 0 Pupils 0 Salivary glands 0 Lungs 0 Heart rate 0 Stomach 0 Liver 0 Adrenal glands

19. 1st part of Autonomic Nervous system 0 Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies. 0 Prepares you for fight of flight 0 accelerator

20. 2nd part of Autonomic Nervous System 0 Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily activity 0 Works in opposition to the sympathetic system to calm us down. 0 Brake 0 Keep in balance

22. The Endocrine System 0 Endocrine System: system that includes all their glands and their chemical messages taken together. 0 Hormones: Chemical regulators that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality. 0 Glands: Units of the body that contain the hormones.

24. The Pituitary Gland 0 The master gland. 0 Activates other glands 0 Determines how tall or short we will be. 0 Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the growth process. 0 Tallest: 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22 0 video video 0 Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19 0 Requires normal environment

26. Thyroid Gland 0T0T he gland that controls and regulates the speed of bodily processes. 0M0M etabolism: the speed at which the body operates or the speed at which it uses up energy.

27. 0 Activity: 0 High Thyroid: Very active 0 Low thyroid: Sluggish 0 Very Low at birth: Mental retardation 0 Emotional State 0 Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety 0 Under active: Sad mood, depression 0 Not only causes of anxiety and depression

28. The Adrenal Gland 0 Glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity. 0 Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for emergency activity by increasing blood pressure, breathing rate, and energy level. 0 Helps blood clot faster 0 Body cannot tell the difference between a real emergency and one we just think about.